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阿兰若

阿兰梵语अरण्य罗马化:araṇya,巴利语:arañña),又译为阿兰那[1]阿兰rǎng[2]阿兰若迦[3]阿练若阿烂拏阿练茹[4]曷剌䍲等,意译丛林汉语简称为兰若佛教术语,最早指森林中的空地,因可以供出家僧侣修行头陀行,被引申作为佛教僧侣的聚集地及住所名称,为佛寺的同义词。禅宗寺院,又称为禅林丛林

释义

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阿兰若原意是指森林,引申的意义为“寂静处”[5]、“空闲处”[6]、“远离处”[7]、“无事处”[8]

修行头陀行的僧人,通常在村外空隙的地方造小房居住,或不造房屋,只止息在大树之下,作为清静修道之所,躲避人间热闹处之地[9]。坟场等平常人厌恶远离的地方,也经常被当成是阿兰若。因此他们又被称为阿兰若比丘,或是森林比丘

在斯里兰卡、缅甸与泰国等上座部佛教国家都一直存有森林比丘与他们的足迹。比如泰国高僧阿姜查与他的弟子都是属于泰国森林系佛教的僧侣。

阿兰若为佛教出家众的居所名称,汉传佛教将阿兰若引申为各类佛寺的同义词,禅林制度亦称丛林制度,即取此意[10]。《旧唐书》〈武宗本纪〉就记载着唐武宗会昌毁佛时拆卸了兰若4万多所[11]

各地佛寺

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时至今日,各地不少佛寺、佛社不少仍以“兰若”为名,例如:

其他宗教

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丛林一词也被引申用在其他宗教领域。如道风山基督教丛林,为20世纪基督教中式建筑,主要向佛、道教徒传教。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 《可洪音义》曰:“阿兰那,此云无诤,云空家也。”
  2. ^ 《慧苑音义》曰:“阿兰若言阿兰那,正云阿兰攘,此翻无诤声。”
  3. ^ 玄应音义》曰:“阿兰拏[友反],或云阿兰若,或云阿练若,皆梵音轻重耳。此云空寂,亦无诤也。”
  4. ^ 《四阿含暮抄》曰:“阿练茹。”
  5. ^ 《金刚顶纂要》曰:“阿兰那者,此云寂静。”
  6. ^ 大乘义章》曰:“阿兰若者,此翻名为空闲处也。”
  7. ^ 丁福保佛学大辞典》:“离人里五百弓之处”。《饰宗记》曰:“阿兰若迦,去村五百弓,云住无诤处人也。”
  8. ^ 解脱道论》卷2〈头陀品〉:“云何受无事处?国中喧杂,识触五尘,心生染乐。若住闹处,去来纷动。知是过患,复见无事处功德。我从今日断国中住,受无事处。”
  9. ^ 大日经疏》曰:“阿练若,名为意乐处,谓空寂行者所乐之处。或独一无侣,或二三人,于寺外造限量小房。或施主为造,或但居树下空地,皆是也。”
  10. ^ 华严经》曰:“阿兰若法,菩提道场。”
  11. ^ 〈武宗本纪〉,《旧唐书》卷十八:“天下所拆寺四千六百余所,还俗僧尼二十六万五百人,收充两税户;拆招提、兰若四万余所,收膏腴上田数千万顷,收奴婢为两税户十五万人。”
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阿兰若
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