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菲尔绍三要素

菲尔绍三要素
菲尔绍三要素(Virchow's triad)
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菲尔绍三要素(英文:Virchow's triadtriad of Virchow /ˈfɪərk/)乃指导致血栓形成的三大要素 。 [1]

  • 高凝血状态(hypercoagulability)
  • 血流动力学变化(停滞,湍流)(stasis of blood flow)
  • 内皮损伤/功能障碍(endothelial injury)

虽然以德国医生鲁道夫·菲尔绍Rudolf Virchow ,1821-1902年)的名字命名,但是这个名词并非菲尔绍本人提出,他也没有以此三要素说明静脉血栓形成的机转。菲尔绍死后数十年,学界才达成共识,认为血栓形成是血流变化,血管内皮损伤或血液成分变化的结果。不过现代对于栓塞形成的因素的了解,与菲尔绍的描述相似,而菲尔绍三要素仍是理解血栓形成的有用概念。 [2]

三要素

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菲尔绍:[3] 现代 说明
血流中断现象(Phenomena of interrupted blood-flow) 血流停滞(Stasis) [4] 正常血流的改变包括静脉血液停滞 ,长时间的外科手术,长时间保持不动(如搭成长途飞机或汽车、住院期间长期卧床)以及静脉曲张。菲尔绍的原始说法是否与现代说法相同,已有争议。[5]
血管及其附近遭受刺激(Phenomena associated with irritation of the vessel and its vicinity) 内皮损伤或血管壁损伤(Endothelial injury 或 vessel wall injur) 对内皮的伤害:包括血管穿孔和由于剪应力或高血压引起的损伤。这类伤害主因是表面现象与接触促凝表面所致,如接触细菌、异物的碎片、植入物或医用装置、活化之血小板的表面,以及慢性发炎时单核细胞的膜。
凝血现象(Phenomena of blood-coagulation) 高凝血状态(Hypercoagulability) 血液成分的改变[6],有许多可能的危险因素,例如高粘度、凝血因子V Leiden突变、凝血因子II G2021A突变、抗凝血酶 III缺乏、C蛋白或S蛋白缺乏,

肾病症候群、严重外伤或烧伤、癌症、妊娠晚期和分娩,种族、高龄、吸烟、激素避孕药、肥胖症 。这些因素都可能导致血液凝结性过高,称为高凝血状态。

历史

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虽然菲尔绍和现代的三要素概念都是说明血栓形成,但以前的三要素重点是“血栓形成的后果”,现代三要素重点是“血栓形成的原因”。 [7]

鲁道夫·菲尔绍阐明了肺栓塞的病因:静脉内的血栓 (尤其是四肢的血栓)移行到肺血管。他于1856年发表了他的说法。[8]详细说明肺栓塞的病理生理学时,他提到了许多已知导致静脉血栓形成的因素。虽然这些因素以前已有其他人在文献中提出,[9] [10]最后还是被称为菲尔绍三要素;但是这个名词是在菲尔绍死后许久才出现,据说是在1950年代初首次使用。 [3]

虽然一般称为菲尔绍三要素,但他的描述中并未包括内皮损伤。 [11] 菲尔绍曾与Jean Cruveilhier发生争论;后者认为局部创伤在肺动脉血栓形成过程相当重要。 [12] [13]

参考文献

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  1. ^ April Wang Armstrong; David E. Golan; Armen H. Tashjian; Ehrin Armstrong. Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008: 396. ISBN 978-0-7817-8355-2. 
  2. ^ Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Br. J. Haematol. October 2008, 143 (2): 180–90. PMID 18783400. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07323.x. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Malone, P. Colm, Agutter, Paul S. The Aetiology of Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Critical, Historical and Epistemological Survey. Paris: Springer. 2008: 84. ISBN 978-1-4020-6649-8. 
  4. ^ Lowe GD. Virchow's triad revisited: abnormal flow. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 2003, 33 (5–6): 455–7. PMID 15692260. doi:10.1159/000083845. 
  5. ^ Further reflections on Virchow's triad. - Free Online Library. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  6. ^ Virchow's triad revisited: blood constituents. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb. 2003, 33 (5–6): 449–54. PMID 15692259. doi:10.1159/000083844. 
  7. ^ Response: further reflections on Virchow's Triad. - Free Online Library. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  8. ^ Virchow, R. Thrombose und Embolie. Gefässentzündung und septische Infektion. Frankfurt am Main: Von Meidinger & Sohn. 1856: 219–732 (德语). Thrombosis and embolie (1846-1856). Canton, Massachusetts: Science History Publications. 1998. ISBN 0-88135-113-X. 
  9. ^ Virchow's triad? - Free Online Library. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  10. ^ Wiseman R. Several Chirurgical Treatises. 2nd ed. London, Norton and Macock, 1686, pp. 64-66.
  11. ^ synd/1223 - Who Named It?
  12. ^ Virchow's triad revisited. - Free Online Library. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  13. ^ Aschoff L. Thrombosis, in Lectures on Pathology. New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., 1924, pp 253-278.
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菲尔绍三要素
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