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菊属

菊属
野菊
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 菊类植物 Asterids
目: 菊目 Asterales
科: 菊科 Asteraceae
亚科: 菊亚科 Asteroideae
总族: 紫菀总族 Asterodae
族: 春黄菊族 Anthemideae
亚族: 菊亚族 Chrysantheminae
属: 菊属 Chrysanthemum
L., 1753
模式种
野菊
Chrysanthemum indicum
L., 1753

见正文

异名
  • Chrisanthemum Neck., 1768
  • Dendranthema (DC.) Des Moul.
  • Hulteniella Tzvelev
  • Leucanthemum (Tourn.) L.

菊属学名Chrysanthemum)是菊目菊科的一个。其下约有40个,其中大多数原产于东亚,其变异中心中国[1][2]

命名

其属名Chrysanthemum来自古希腊语χρυσόςchrysos,金、金色)和ἄνθεμονanthemon,花)。[3][4]

用途

观赏

本属中的菊花Chrysanthemum × morifolium)和淡红菊(Chrysanthemum × rubellum)被广泛用作观赏之用。菊花中国传统的农历新年,很多人都喜欢在家里摆放菊花。重阳节有赏菊和饮菊花酒的习俗。孟浩然《过故人庄》:“待到重阳日,还来就菊花。”

菊花茶

菊花野菊甘菊可用来泡“菊花茶”。

菊花茶分类主要有:黄山贡菊桐乡杭白菊以及山东的野菊花。

“黄山贡菊”是从菊花群体中选育出的优良品种,原产于歙县金竹岭一带,既有观赏价值,又有药用功能。 据民间传说,“黄山贡菊”原是宋朝徽商从浙江德清县作为观赏艺菊引进的。在一大旱之年,有许多人得了红眼头痛病,有人采用鲜菊花泡水降火,十分灵验。 以后人们经常用鲜花或菊花干泡水泡茶,医治目赤羞明、胆虚心燥等病。从此,这一带农家门前屋后广种菊花,为了久藏又特意烘制成干菊花,金竹岭由此闻名远近。

清光绪年间,北京紫禁城里也流传红眼病,皇上下旨,遍访名医良药,黄山知府献上黄山菊花干,京人泡服后眼疾即愈。于是徽菊名气大振,被尊称“贡菊”。 贡菊历来被当作一味重要的中药材。[5][6] 但菊花性凉,因此脾胃虚寒的人群不应大量饮用。

物种名录

以下名录依据生物物种名录[7]世界植物在线[8],中文名依据《中国植物志》英文版以及YList页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆):

  • 山阴菊 Chrysanthemum × aphrodite
  • 银背菊 Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum
  • 阿里山油菊 Chrysanthemum arisanense
  • Chrysanthemum calciphilum
  • 哈拉哈河菊 Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum
  • 小红菊 Chrysanthemum chanetii
  • 大岛野路菊 Chrysanthemum crassum
  • 鹫敷菊 Chrysanthemum × cuneifolium
  • 胡萝卜叶菊 Chrysanthemum daucifolium
  • 异色菊 Chrysanthemum dichrum
  • 叶状菊 Chrysanthemum foliaceum
  • 拟亚菊 Chrysanthemum glabriusculum
  • 蓬莱油菊 Chrysanthemum horaimontanum
  • 黄花小山菊 Chrysanthemum hypargyreum
  • 野菊 Chrysanthemum indicum
  • 龙脑菊 Chrysanthemum japonicum
  • 旌善菊 Chrysanthemum jeongseonense
  • 户隐菊 Chrysanthemum × konoanum
  • 甘菊 Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium
    • 隐舌甘菊 Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. discoideum
    • 毛叶甘菊 Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium var. tomentellum
  • 白花油菊 Chrysanthemum × leucanthum
  • 长苞菊 Chrysanthemum longibracteatum
  • 细叶菊 Chrysanthemum maximoviczii
  • 宫户岛菊 Chrysanthemum miyatojimense
  • 蒙菊 Chrysanthemum mongolicum
  • 菊花 Chrysanthemum × morifolium
  • 森氏菊 Chrysanthemum morii
  • 楔叶菊 Chrysanthemum naktongense
  • 新小山菊 Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum C.C.Chang, 1934[9]
  • 野路菊 Chrysanthemum occidentalijaponense
  • 日之御埼菊 Chrysanthemum × ogawae
  • 隐岐油菊 Chrysanthemum okiense
  • 小山菊 Chrysanthemum oreastrum
  • 萨摩野菊 Chrysanthemum ornatum
    • 吐噶喇野菊 Chrysanthemum ornatum var. tokarense
  • 小叶菊 Chrysanthemum parvifolium
  • 委陵菊 Chrysanthemum potentilloides
  • 菱叶菊 Chrysanthemum rhombifolium
  • 淡红菊 Chrysanthemum × rubellum
  • 虹滨菊 Chrysanthemum × shimotomaii
  • Chrysanthemum sinuatum
  • 毛华菊 Chrysanthemum vestitum
    • 阔叶毛华菊 Chrysanthemum vestitum var. latifolium
  • Chrysanthemum xeromorphum
  • 那贺川野菊 Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum
  • 紫花野菊 Chrysanthemum zawadskii
  • 桌子山菊 Chrysanthemum zhuozishanense

根据生物物种名录[10],以下物种属于北极菊属(Arctanthemum):

  • 北极菊 Arctanthemum arcticum = Chrysanthemum arcticum
  • 全叶北极菊 Arctanthemum integrifolium = Chrysanthemum integrifolium
  • 千岛菊 Arctanthemum kurilense = Chrysanthemum arcticum subsp. yezoense

参考资料

  1. ^ Liu, P. L., et al. (2012). Phylogeny of the genus Chrysanthemum L.: Evidence from single-copy nuclear gene and chloroplast DNA sequences.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆PloS One 7(11), e48970.
  2. ^ 戴思兰, 陈俊愉. A CLADISTIC STUDY ON SOME DENDRANTHEMA SPP. IN CHINA中国菊属一些种的分支分类学研究[J]. 植物科学学报, 1997, 15(001):27-34.
  3. ^ David Beaulieu. Chrysanthemums and Hardy Mums – Colorful Fall Flowers. About.com Home. [2014-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-01). 
  4. ^
     
    Chisholm, Hugh (编). Chrysanthemum. Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911. 
  5. ^ 杭白菊. [2008-08-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-22). 
  6. ^ 黄山贡菊. [2008-08-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-08-21). 
  7. ^ Species 2000; ITIS. Chrysanthemum. Catalogue of Life. 2019-02-20 [2019-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-04). 
  8. ^ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Chrysanthemum L.. Plants of the World Online. [2019-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-04). 
  9. ^ Chi X R, Wang L*. 2022. Reinstatement of the independent specific status of Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum (Asteraceae, Anthemideae). Phytotaxa 571: 227–233.
  10. ^ Species 2000; ITIS. Arctanthemum. Catalogue of Life. 2019-02-20 [2019-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-04). 

参见

外部链接


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