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苹果酸

苹果酸
IUPAC名
hydroxybutanedioic acid
别名 2-羟基丁二酸
识别
CAS号 617-48-1  ☒N
6915-15-7  checkY
PubChem 525
ChemSpider 51083793 D-(+)-malic acid, 193317 L-(–)-malic acid
SMILES
 
  • O=C(O)CC(O)C(=O)O
InChI
 
  • 1/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)
InChIKey BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYAM
EINECS 230-022-8
ChEBI 6650
FEMA GRAS 2655
KEGG C00149
IUPHAR配体 2480
性质
化学式 C4H6O5
摩尔质量 134.09 g·mol⁻¹
密度 1.609 g/cm³
熔点 130 °C
溶解性 558 g/l (20 °C)[1]
pKa pKa1 = 3.4
pKa2 = 5.13
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

苹果酸,也称2-羟基丁二酸(英语:Malic acid),是一个二羧酸,化学式为C4H6O5。分子中含有一个不对称碳原子,因此有两种旋光异构体和一种外消旋体。它是三羧酸循环的中间物之一,由反丁烯二酸水合生成,继续氧化得到草酰乙酸。存在于苹果、葡萄、山楂等果实中,苹果酸首先从苹果汁中分离出来,是苹果汁酸味的来源,并因此得名。它也用作食品添加剂

化学性质

保罗·瓦尔登发现构型翻转现象时,使用的化合物是苹果酸。他用三氯化磷中处理(-)-苹果酸,得到了(+)-氯代苹果酸,再用氢氧化银(新制氧化银)处理得到了(+)-苹果酸;同样,他发现用三氯化磷处理(+)-苹果酸也可得到(-)-氯代苹果酸,再用氢氧化银处理得到了(-)-苹果酸。从此他发现了使苹果酸发生构型翻转的实验方法。

发烟硫酸作用,苹果酸发生自缩合反应得到吡喃酮的衍生物香豆酸[2]

香豆酸合成

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ chemBlink Online Database of Chemicals from Around the World
  2. ^ Richard H. Wiley and Newton R. Smith (1963). "Coumaric acid". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 4: 201. 


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苹果酸
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