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船首 .
船首 (又写作艏 、舰艏 。英文对应Bow ),是船身 的最前部。相应的船身最尾端则称为船尾 (或艉、舰尾)。
游船 奋进精神号(Spirit of Endeavour )的船首
设计
船首的形状需要考虑减少船身在水中的阻力,如球状船首 (Bulbous Bow)可以消减海浪冲击。不过船体较低的舟船(如液货船 )往往采用更圆实的设计以最大化载货容量。
船首需要有一定高度防止水溅到甲板上,否则不但甲板会变的湿滑,而且海水的腐蚀性可能会侵蚀船身的金属,当温度过低时,也会造成甲板结冰,增加船身重量。
类型
Straight-stem bow
垂直柱艏
斜艏
舷缘外倾艏
飞剪式艏,或"Aberdeen bow"
Inverted bow
高颏勺形艏
低颏勺形艏
船首的类型有很多种:[1]
船舷内倾(Tumblehome)
艏升高甲板(Raised foredeck)
舯拱舷弧 (Reverse sheer)
传统飞剪式(Conventional clipper),又称大西洋式
低颏勺形艏(Low-chin spoon bow)
高颏勺形艏(High-chin spoon bow)
X形舰艏
撞角 舰艏(Ram bow),见于早期战舰,现代已很少见。但也出现在科幻作品中,如松本零士 作品中的宇宙战舰阿卡迪亚号 等。
球状船首
装置
1860年的战舰HMS战士号(HMS Warrior)的船首像,这艘船以及HMS黑太子号是英国海军最后仍装配船首像的两艘战船[2] 在帆船 的船首上,一般装置有船首斜桅 (Bowsprit),并固定艏三角帆(Jib)或日内瓦帆(Genoa)的一端(另一端在前桅)。现代的小型帆船船首斜桅常常是水平的,有时可以拆卸。大型帆船的船首斜桅可以很长,装有多个支索,悬挂的艏三角帆可多达4个,为便于操控船首斜桅是斜向上方伸展的。
风帆时代的帆船船首最前方水线以上甲板以下(这一部分称作prow)一般都会装置有船首像 (Figurehead),雕刻着人物或传说生物,有时其主题即为船名(在识字率不高的时代这有助于人们辨识帆船)。
[3]
维京长船 的船首像往往是长齿巨眼造型,水手们相信这能避邪。[4]
大型帆船船首上部、前桅前方有艏楼 (Forecastle),这里一般是水手的住所。中世纪的战船的艏楼往往是多层甲板结构,攻击时可作射箭平台,防御时则为作战堡垒。
注释
风帆 种类
纵帆 (百慕大帆 · 斜桁帆 · 三角帆 )
横帆
戎克帆
帆图 种类多体船 军舰 和商船
古代
中世纪
15世纪
16世纪
17世纪
18世纪
19世纪
20世纪
渔船
Barca-longa
Falkuša
Felucca
Fifie
Gableboat
Herring buss
Jangada
梯形帆船
Masula
Nordland
Sixareen
Sgoth
Smack
Tartane
Well smack
Yoal
休闲船
Dinghy
Mast aft rig
Pocket cruiser
Sailing hydrofoil
Trailer sailer
Wharrams
滑浪风帆
游艇
特殊分类 其他
Fusta
Mersey Flat
Norfolk punt
Norfolk wherry
Pausik
Pink
Pinnace (ship's boat)
Pram
Scow
Thames sailing barge
Vinta
Wherry
帆船的各个部件
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