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一个核子反应堆达到临界系指其消耗的中子数等于核分裂产生的中子数,因此有足够的中子继续核分裂反应形成核连锁反应,核反应是自我维持的 -- 也就是说,当反应率等于零时。在超临界状态下,反应率大于零[1]。
如果消耗的中子数大于核分裂产生的中子数,称“次临界”或“亚临界”。在此状况之下没有因为中子数随核分裂反应变少,所以不会形成链反应。如果消耗的中子数小于核分裂产生的中子数,叫“超临界”。在此状况之下因为中子数随核分裂反应变多,核反应愈演愈烈,是原子弹的爆炸原理。
。
式中a表示“核分裂反应产生的中子数”,b表示“核分裂反应消耗的中子数”。
国际原子能机构 (IAEA)将第一次临界日期定义为核反应堆首次达到临界状态的日期[2]。 这是核电厂建设和投产过程中的一个重要里程碑。
- ^ Criticality (PDF). IAEA Safety Glossary. International Atomic Energy Agency: 46. 2007 [17 February 2014]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-01-18).
- ^ First Criticality Date. Glossary. International Atomic Energy Agency. [17 February 2014]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-24).
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