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肠系膜

肠系膜
下腹部内的腹膜横切面:腹膜与肠系膜以红色做标记。
腹膜的纵切面:主腔为红色,网膜囊为蓝色。
标识字符
拉丁文Mesenterium
MeSHD008643
TA98A10.1.02.007
TA23740
FMAFMA:7144
格雷氏p.1157
解剖学术语

肠系膜(德语:Mesenterium、英语:mesentery/ˈmɛzənˌtɛri/)是一种双层皱折腹膜,附着于肠子内部及腹腔内壁,作用为固定小肠于腹腔内。“肠系膜”(mesentery)一般特指小肠的肠系膜,而“肠系膜器官”(mesenteric organ)则是指包括结肠系膜、阑尾系膜、乙状结肠系膜与直肠系膜联合在一起的其余大肠肠系膜。根据利默里克大学的研究,肠系膜显现出解剖学与功能上的特征,已被提名为一种器官[1][2]

传统教学上,通常将肠系膜描述为一种分段的结构,并将各段分别命名为升结肠系膜、横结肠系膜与降结肠系膜,而乙状结肠系膜、阑尾系膜与直肠系膜也被认为分别于后腹壁终止嵌入[3]。2012年,在详细的显微镜与电子显微镜实验下,确认肠系膜为一种单一且连续性的结构,从十二指肠空肠弯曲英语duodenojejunal flexure开始延伸到直肠系膜的远侧[3][4]。此种更为简化的概念,使得在结肠、直肠手术等不同的面向得到实质性的进展[5][6],也对于手术、解剖学产前发育相关的科学领域有所影响。

临床意义

清楚肠系膜的构造有助于了解和肠系膜有关的疾病,例如肠道旋转不良英语malrotation克隆氏症。克隆氏症患者的肠系膜多半会变厚,因此不容易止血。而且脂肪包覆(fat wrapping)是指肠系膜脂肪在相邻胃肠道周围的延伸,会增加间皮的塑性。肠系膜紊乱与克隆氏症中粘膜的出现有病理生理学上的重叠。有些研究者认为克隆氏症主要是肠系膜失调,因而影响胃肠道及整体的循环[7]

肠系膜上静脉英语superior mesenteric vein血栓形成会造成肠系膜缺血,也称为肠道缺血。肠系膜缺血也可能是因为肠扭转造成,肠扭转是指小肠自身的缠绕形成的疾病,会因为太过紧密的包围肠系膜,而造成缺血[8]

历史

对于肠系膜的古典解剖学描述起源于1885年,由英国外科医师弗雷德里克·特雷弗斯英语Sir Frederick Treves爵士所贡献[9],但描述为一种单层膜的构造,这种描述可以追溯到列奥那多·达芬奇[10]。特雷弗斯于1888年成为第一位在英国展示阑尾切除术的医师;他也为维多利亚女王爱德华七世手术过[11]。他研究了100具大体的肠系膜与腹膜皱褶,并描述右侧与左侧的结肠系膜为成人体内的痕迹组织。依据此理论,小肠系膜、横结肠系膜与乙状结肠系膜都分别于后腹壁终止嵌入[9][11]。这种主张存在于主流外科学、解剖学、胚胎学与放射学中超过一世纪[12][13]

在特雷弗斯之后10年,奥地利解剖学家卡尔·托尔特英语Carl Toldt描述成人体内所有的结肠系膜部分具有连续性[14]。托尔特为布拉格与维也纳的解剖学教授,于1879年出版了他的人类肠系膜叙述。

图廊

参考文献

  1. ^ Coffey, J Calvin; O'Leary, D Peter. The mesentery: structure, function, and role in disease. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology: 238–247. doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30026-7. 
  2. ^ Irish surgeon identifies emerging area of medical science. University of Limerick. 2016-10-28. (原始内容存档于2017-01-05). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Coffey JC. Surgical anatomy and anatomic surgery - Clinical and scientific mutualism. The Surgeon. August 2013, 11 (4): 177–82. PMID 23597667. doi:10.1016/j.surge.2013.03.002. 
  4. ^ Coffey JC, Sehgal R, Culligan K, et al. Terminology and nomenclature in colonic surgery: universal application of a rule-based approach derived from updates on mesenteric anatomy. Techniques in Coloproctology. June 2014, 18: 789–94. PMID 24968936. doi:10.1007/s10151-014-1184-2. 
  5. ^ Zheng, MH; Zhang, S; Feng, B. Complete mesocolic excision: Lessons from anatomy translating to better oncologic outcome.. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology. 15 March 2016, 8 (3): 235–9 [29 July 2016]. PMC 4789608可免费查阅. PMID 26989458. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v8.i3.235. 
  6. ^ 邱俊吉; 蔡筱雯. 「腸繫膜」獨立了 人體器官多一個. 苹果日报 (台湾). 2017-01-05 [2017-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-06) (中文(繁体)). 
  7. ^ Sahebally SM, Burke JP, Chang KH, Kiernan MG, O'Connell PR, Coffey JC. Circulating fibrocytes and Crohn's disease. The British Journal of Surgery. November 2013, 100 (12): 1549–56. PMID 24264775. doi:10.1002/bjs.9302. 
  8. ^ Anatomic Problems of the Lower GI Tract. NIDDK. July 2013 [3 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-28). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Treves F. Lectures on the Anatomy of the Intestinal Canal and Peritoneum in Man. British Medical Journal. March 1885, 1 (1264): 580–3. PMC 2255923可免费查阅. PMID 20751205. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1264.580. 
  10. ^ Miller, Sara G. Gut Decision: Scientists Identify New Organ in Humans. Live Science. January 3, 2017 [2017-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-15). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Mirilas P, Skandalakis JE. Not just an appendix: Sir Frederick Treves. Archives of Disease in Childhood. June 2003, 88 (6): 549–52. PMC 1763108可免费查阅. PMID 12765932. doi:10.1136/adc.88.6.549. 
  12. ^ Ellis H. The abdomen and pelvis. In: Ellis H, editor. Clinical anatomy: applied anatomy for students and junior doctors. 12th ed. Blackwell Science; 2010. p. 86.
  13. ^ McMinn RH. The gastrointestinal tract. McMinn RH (编). Last's anatomy: regional and applied 9th. London: Langman Group. 1994: 331e42. 
  14. ^ Toldt C. Bau und wachstumsveranterungen der gekrose des menschlischen darmkanales. Denkschrdmathnaturwissensch. 1879, 41: 1–56. 
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肠系膜
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