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育秧移栽

育秧移栽是一种水稻种植方式,以特殊施肥和整理过的土地先将稻种栽培至发秧,称为苗床阶段,再移往大田间种植到收获。[1]

特点

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育秧移栽法最大好处是可以种活许多高抗病、抗虫害的品种,坏处则是相对于直播法过程多消耗极大人力和心力,对于劳动人口较少的农家来说难以负担,或是要另花钱请农工帮忙。

而直播法的稻种只要翻土后直接将种子洒在田中之后喷药或施肥就可以等收成,省去所有育秧移栽过程,省力不少,然而多数直播品种抗病虫能力差若是遭遇事故可能全部绝收。例如2014年中国安徽省怀远县就发生农民大规模种植直播品种,结果当年度气候较湿爆发稻瘟[2],过半数农田绝收导致平均每户农家损失8万人民币左右的事故。目前中华人民共和国农业部规定所有的直播品种都要经过审定有一定优化抗病害才能销售,然而还是有不少企业贩售未经审定的品种,导致不少事故发生,许多农户也贪图方便以碰运气的方式栽种未审定的直播种。

由此可知免育秧移栽的直播种且又能抗病虫害,是各国农业科技攻关的主题之一,可以带来极大国家利益,所以也有不少生物科技产物的直播种面市,然而大致上来说育秧移栽品种的抗病能力还是最强。

做法

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各品种水稻育秧移栽的最佳方法略有不同,以最常见法为例

  • 将种子用重量比1∶1000的强液浸泡24小时
  • 以背风向阳约20平方米土地为苗床,施2公斤磷酸钙和1公斤钾肥,0.3公斤尿素
  • 浇水后整地将地打成泥浆状,将带有孔穴的塑料育秧盘密接放置
  • 细土注入每个塑料孔并放入种子,上盖土厚5-6mm,之后喷水盖地膜
  • 除炼苗、施肥、施药时揭膜外,其它时间一律不揭膜,出苗后每星期浇水一次
  • 移栽前施一次防螟虫及稻瘟病农药
  • 大田整土后每亩施磷肥50公斤、碳铵50公斤、氯化钾20公斤
  • 移栽前3天停止对苗床浇水,之后完整连根起苗,插秧移栽大田,1天后浇水。[3]

参考文献

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  1. ^ knowledge bank 水稻育秧法. [2014-11-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-28). 
  2. ^ 刘一. 《焦点访谈》 20141119 问题稻种因何畅销. 央视网. [2014-11-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-30). 
  3. ^ 江南50类水稻旱育秧精法, 1997 王金释 广东人民出版社
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育秧移栽
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