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义民信仰

义民爷
客家语汉字 義民爺
客语白话字 Ngi-mìn-yà

义民信仰是指奉祀“义民”的宗教信仰。“义民”本义为“义勇之人民”,而“义”或为“乱”往往无关“忠”与“奸”,而关乎于人们的分类意识、在动乱时代的自保、对维持地方秩序的需求[1]。人们为感谢这些因捍卫自身族群利益而牺牲的成员,遂立祠、庙等供奉,相关庙名包括义民庙义民祠褒忠祠等。

台湾

由于拓垦台湾的移民身份多元如闽南泉州人闽南漳州人粤东潮汕人客家人等等,遂容易因族群差异、利益纠纷等因素产生分类械斗;此外对统治政权、官员的不满亦常造成民变战争,无论发起或抵抗方往往皆产生大量伤亡。为了追念亡者、安抚生者,群体成员经常尊这些牺牲者为“义民”并建庙供奉。而在台湾义民信仰中,以褒忠亭义民庙为主之客家义民信仰最为知名,遍布范围也最广。 至于台湾的泉州裔闽南人义民信仰方面,可见北港义民庙

香港

香港,除了土客冲突、抗英事件中的牺牲者外,村落间械斗之死者也会被本村村民视为义民,例如清朝同治元年(1862年),城门八乡村民与荃湾村民因积怨发生械斗,双方激战长达三年,直至邻近川龙耆老出面调停才寝息斗争,各有17人战死。荃湾村民念各人功在乡井,乃于荃湾天后宫偏殿设立“义勇祠”以崇德报功,而城门一方亦在家庙设置神位恭奉,直到搬村后一同迁移到锦田城门新村的协天宫[2]。而屏山达德公所是香港唯一供奉抗英烈士的地方,正厅奉祀达德约中抗英牺牲的烈士,两间侧厅分别为左厢“慰寂祠”和右厢“英勇祠”,用以纪念“达德约”与邻近村落械斗牺牲的烈士。而锦田抗英牺牲的数百名义民神位被供奉在锦田的友邻堂。

日本

日本的义民主要指一揆中牺牲性命的平民,被乡民、百姓尊崇,并立神社供奉。如贞享騒动日语貞享騒動领袖多田加助日语多田加助新本义民騒动日语新本義民騒動的“义民四人众”等。

参见

忠烈祠

参考文献

  1. ^ 《台阳笔记》,“故往往有漳人作乱而泉人攻之者,泉人谋逆而漳人揭之者。若漳、泉合谋不轨,则粤民必倡义以诛之,未有不成功者。”
  2. ^ 周树佳. 「荃灣兩村血戰三年成大恨」. 《香港民間風土記憶貳》. 香港: 天地图书. 2005年: 第130–133页. ISBN 988211171-8 (中文(香港)). 
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义民信仰
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