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群子集的乘积

数学,若STG的子集,则其乘积为G的子集,其定义为

其中,ST不必然需要是子群。其乘积的结合律源自群的结合律。因此,群子集的乘积定义出了一个于G幂集上的自然幺半群结构。

即使STG的子群,其乘积也不必然会是个子群。其乘积为子群当且仅当ST = TS。在这一情形之下,ST会是个由ST生成出的群,即ST = TS = <ST>。若ST有一是G正规子群,上述情形便会满足,ST会是个子群。设S是正规子群,则根据第二同构定理STT的正规子群且ST/S 同构于 T/(ST)。

G为一有限群,且STG的子群,则ST的元素个数可由乘积公式给定:

即使ST都不是正规子群,上述公式也一样适用。

特别地,如果ST的交集仅为单位元,那么ST的每一个元素都可以唯一地表示为乘积st,其中s位于S内,t位于T内。如果 ST还是可交换的,那么ST就是一个群,称为扎帕-塞普乘积。更进一步,如果STST中正规,那么ST便称为半直积。最后,如果ST都在ST中正规,那么ST便称为直积

引用

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  • Rotman, Joseph. An Introduction to the Theory of Groups (4th ed.). Springer-Verlag. 1995. ISBN 0-387-94285-8. 

另见

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群子集的乘积
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