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罄竹难书

罄竹难书最早见于《吕氏春秋》,起初形容“乱象极多,难以胜数”。后来多指“罪状极多,写之不尽亅 《吕氏春秋·季夏纪·明理》描述乱世的各种异象,如:马有生角、雄鸡五足、鸡卵多毈、有豕生狗等。又说:其主不知惊惶亟革,上帝降祸,凶灾必亟。“此皆乱国之所生也,不能胜数,尽荆、越之竹,犹不能书”。意谓这些怪象都是政治败坏所产生的乱亡之兆,而多到用光荆、越两地的竹子来写都写不完。

历史用法

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竹难书最早出现于《吕氏春秋》:“乱国所生之物,尽荆越之竹,犹不能书也。”《汉书﹒公孙贺传》:“南山之竹不足受我辞,斜谷之木不足为我械”,本意都是“事端繁多,书不胜书”。

《新唐书﹒李密传》:“隋时李密移檄郡县,数炀帝十罪曰:‘罄南山之竹,书罪无穷﹔决东海之波,流恶难尽’”。

负面语意

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  • 汉书》公孙刘田王杨蔡陈郑传:“安世者,京师大侠也,闻贺欲以赎子,笑曰:‘丞相祸及宗矣。南山之竹不足受我辞,斜谷之木不足为我械。’”意指南山的竹子写不尽我要说的话。

公孙贺的儿子公孙敬声 因贪污入狱,公孙贺请求皇帝让他去抓一名久未到案的通缉犯朱安世为儿子赎罪,获得皇帝同意,果然也被他抓到了。朱安世听说公孙贺抓自己是要为儿子赎罪,便笑说:“丞相你这下灾祸累及宗族了,我知道你们家也有许多见不得人的罪行,用尽南山之竹也写不完哩!”于是他在狱中上书揭发公孙敬声与阳石公主私通,引发大案,公孙家也终遭遇奇祸。

此处南山之竹不足受我辞亦是负面用法,指罪行极多。

正面语意

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唐《皮日休文集》第九卷〈移元征君书〉:“果行是道,罄南山之竹,不足以书足下之功,穷百谷之波,不足以注足下之善。”意思是说,用尽南山的竹子当竹简,也写不完您的功劳。

中性语意

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孙膑兵法》:“战者,以形相胜者也。形莫不可以胜,而莫知其所以胜之形。形胜之变,与天地相敝而不穷。形胜,以楚越之竹书之而不足。”

现代用法

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成语起初形容“乱象极多”,后多指“罪行极多”。虽偶有正面用法,指“善行”或“功绩极多”,但一般引用此语时,多习惯使用负面含义:“形容罪状之多”。在未说明的状况下,使用正面用法,易造成误会。

辞典解释

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  • 汉语大词典》:“极言事实之多,难以尽载。常指罪恶,后偶亦形容好人好事。”
  • 《汉语成语考释词典》:“指事实很多,难以写尽,多用来指罪恶,间或指功绩。”
  • 辞源》:“喻项目之多,不尽期录。”

外部链接

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罄竹难书
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