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素元

数学里,尤其是在抽象代数里,交换环素元(prime element)是指满足类似整数里的素数不可约多项式之性质的一个数学对象。须注意的是,素元与不可约元素之间并不相同,虽然在唯一分解整环里是一样的,但在一般情况下则不一定相同。

定义

交换环 R 的元素 p 被称为素元,若该元素不为 0 或可逆元,且若 p 整除 ab(a 与 b 为 R 内的元素),则 p 整除 a 或 p 整除 b。等价地说,一元素 p 为素元,当且仅当由 p 产生的主理想 (p) 为非零素理想[1]

对素元的兴趣来自于算术基本定理。该定理断言,每个非零整数都可以以唯一一种方式写成 1 或 -1 乘上一串正素数之乘积。这导致了对唯一分解整环的研究,推广了仅在整数内被描述之概念。

一个元素是否为素元,取决于该元素处于哪个环内;例如,2在 Z 里是个素元,但在高斯整数环 Z[i] 里则不是,因为 2 = (1 + i)(1 - i) 且 2 无法整除等式右边的任一因子。

与素理想间的关连

环 R 内的一个理想 I 为素理想,若商环 R/I 为一整环

一非零主理想素理想,当且仅当该主理想由一素元所产生。

不可约元素

不可将素元与不可约元素搞混。在一整环里,每个素元都是不可约元素[2],但反之不一定成立。不过,在唯一分解整环[3](或更一般地,在GCD环)里,素元与不可约元素会是相同的元素。

举例来说,在二次整数环英语quadratic integer ring中,可以用范数证明 3 是不可约元素。不过,3 不是素元,因为

无法整除 ,也无法整除 [4]

例子

下面为环里的素元之例子:

  • 在整数环 Z 里的整数 ±2, ±3, ±5, ±7, ±11, ...
  • 高斯整数环 Z[i] 里的复数 (1+i)、19 与 (2+3i)
  • 在 Z 上之多项式环 Z[x] 里的多项式 x2 − 2x2 + 1

参考资料

注记
  1. ^ Hungerford 1980,Theorem III.3.4(i) 如书中所证明的,这两个陈述等价。
  2. ^ Hungerford 1980,Theorem III.3.4(iii)
  3. ^ Hungerford 1980,Remark after Definition III.3.5
  4. ^ William W. Adams and Larry Joel Goldstein. Introduction to Number Theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1976: 250. ISBN 0-13-491282-9. 
参考书籍
  • Kaplansky, Irving, Commutative rings, Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon Inc.: x+180, 1970, MR 0254021 
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素元
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