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童受 .
鸠摩罗多尊者 童受 论师(梵语 :Kumāralabdha ,生卒年不详),音译为鸠摩罗多 、拘摩罗逻多 、鸠摩罗罗陀 、鸠摩罗驮 、究摩罗陀 ,意译作童受、童首、豪童、童子。印度部派佛教 著名论师 ,出自说一切有部 ,与提婆 同时,被推崇为经量部 的创始者。禅宗 尊其为印度第十九祖,天台宗 尊其为印度第十八祖。
生平
他出身印度罽宾 呾叉始罗国 ,在说一切有部 中出家,成为名闻印度的著名论师,在当时与马鸣 、提婆 、龙猛 齐名,号称四日照世。朅盘陁国(位于现今中亚 塔什库尔干 地区)的无忧王,因为仰慕他,出兵攻打呾叉始罗国,威胁他们交出童受论师。童受于是到达中亚地区,在此传教[1] 。
影响
童受擅长用比喻与文学手法来传播佛教,他以及他的跟随者被称呼为譬喻师 (Dārṣṭāntika)。在《大毗婆沙论 》被集结建立之后,《大毗婆沙论 》成为说一切有部 的主流学说。在譬喻师之中,形成反对的力量,认为应该以修多罗(经)作为标准,不支持《大毗婆沙论 》,因而形成经量部 。
著作
童受着有《喻鬘论》等数十部著作,现今都已失传。现代学者根据出土《大庄严经论 》梵文残本所题作者,和此论提及了迦腻色迦王 (大约公元127年–163年)和印度-塞人王国卢陀罗达摩王 (大约公元130年–150年),称本论的作者其实不是马鸣 ,而是鸠摩罗陀作[2] 。
注释
^ 《大唐西域记 》卷12〈朅盘陀国〉:“其王于后迁居宫东北隅,以其故宫,为尊者童受论师建僧伽蓝,台阁高广,佛像威严。尊者,呾叉始罗国人也,幼而颖悟,早离俗尘,游心典籍,栖神玄旨,日诵三万二千言,兼书三万二千字。故能学冠时彦,名高当世,立正法,摧邪见,高论清举,无难不酬,五印度国咸见推高。其所制论凡数十部,并盛宣行,莫不翫习,即经部本师也。当此之时,东有马鸣,南有提婆,西有龙猛,北有童受,号为四日照世。故此国王闻尊者盛德,兴兵动众,伐呾叉始罗国,胁而得之,建此伽蓝,式昭瞻仰。”
^ 印顺 《说一切有部为主的论书与论师之研究》,第七章大毘婆沙论的诸大论师,第二节胁.富那.马鸣,第三项马鸣:“‘大庄严经论’:十五卷,凡九十事,姚秦鸠摩罗什Kuma^raji^va译。本论为马鸣所造,从来没有异说。然近代在新疆的库车县,Kizil废墟,发见本书的梵文残本,题为‘譬喻庄严’或‘譬喻鬘’,作者为Kuma^rala^ta,就是经部本师鸠摩罗罗多。因此,对本书的作者,引起学界的异说。‘大庄严经论’,曾一再提到旃檀罽尼吒王(第十四事、三十一事),而说“我昔曾闻”。‘大庄严经论’的作者,显然为出于迦腻色迦王以后。又‘大庄严经论’,曾说到 :“释伽罗王,名卢头陀摩”。这就是赊迦族Saka卡须多那Cashtana王朝的卢陀罗达摩王Rudrada^man。卢王约于西元一二0──一五0年在位。据此二事,‘大庄严经论’的作者,不能与迦腻色迦王同时。所以,如以‘大庄严经论’为鸠摩罗陀所作,似更为合理。”
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