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穷奇 .
穷奇 穷奇 是中国上古时代 传说的怪物 四凶 之一,主要记载于《山海经 》。
古籍记载
凶兽说
《山海经 ·海内北经》载穷奇外貌像老虎 ,长有一双翅膀 ,喜欢吃人,更会从人的头部 开始进食,是一头凶恶的异兽。
《山海经 ·西山经》一篇却提到穷奇的另一种形象,该篇中的穷奇,外貌像牛 ,长着刺猬 的毛发,与〈海内北经〉所述者有很大的差别。不过两者都是喜欢食人的凶兽,这方面则没有分别。
《史记 ·五帝本纪》记载:“少皞氏 有不才子,毁信恶忠,崇饰恶言,天下谓之穷奇。”汉 代高诱 注《山海经》时,亦提到穷奇是少昊氏 的后裔,而且是虞舜 时的“三苗 ”之一。不过迄今为止,学者对“三苗”的解释仍然众说纷纭,所以穷奇的身份亦只是聊备一说,不能确认。
《神异经 ·西北荒经》对穷奇作出更详细的解说。书中记载类似《山海经》的〈海内北经〉,穷奇仍是一头状似老虎,长有翅膀的怪物。平日专门猎食人类 ,能通人类语言 。当牠知道有人在争执的时候,往往会把有理的一方吃掉;知道某人为人忠信,就会把那人的鼻子 吃掉;知道有人为恶不善,牠就会猎取野兽赠予那人。是一头善恶观念完全颠倒的恶兽。可是亦有注者引其他版本加以补充,在这个版本中,穷奇的形象却较贴近《山海经》中的〈西山经〉,指穷奇长得像牛,有一条像狐狸 而且拖在地上的长尾巴,牠的叫声像狗 ,又说牠“狗头人形,钩爪锯牙”。每逢遇到忠信之人,就会把他吃掉;遇到奸邪之辈,就会主动猎杀野兽向他进奉。两者虽然形象迥异,但行为却是一致的。
另有一说穷奇尤喜食长发女子。
善兽说
《后汉书 ·礼仪志》中记载“追恶凶”的十二位神明,当中就有“穷奇腾根共食蛊 ”之语,这里的穷奇能驱除蛊毒害物,是一头形象正面的神兽。
郭璞 注《山海经》时,亦创作了“穷奇之兽,厥形甚丑;驰逐妖邪,莫不奔走;是以一名,号曰神狗”的赞诗,同样指出穷奇会作出驱逐妖邪的行为。这些为民除害的举动,与以往所表现的食善助恶的形象,有极大的差别。
高诱注《淮南子 ·墬形篇》时,提到穷奇是“广莫风 之所生也”,认为穷奇是风神的后裔。
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