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突变原.
突变原(英语:Mutagen,又译 致变原、致突变原、致突变剂 或 诱变剂 等)是指一些能诱导细胞或生物个体的遗传讯息(通常是脱氧核糖核酸)发生永久性变异,并使突变频率高于自发突变的物理、化学或生物因子。
生物若处于这些因子的作用下,发生突变的机会将高于在一般自然状况中。许多突变会造成癌症的发生,因此突变原很可能也是致癌物质。不过,并非所有突变皆因突变原而产生,在DNA复制、修复或重组过程中,也可能发生错误,进而导致突变。
分类
突变原可分三大类:
- 物理性突变原:紫外线、游离辐射 等。
- 化学性突变原:改变含氮咸基结构物质、羟基化作用物质、需代谢活化的芳香族化合物 等。
- 生物性突变原:人乳头瘤病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、C型肝炎病毒、爱-巴二氏病毒、人疱疹病毒8型、人类T淋巴细胞病毒 等。
例子
- 亚硝酸(HNO2):可导致脱氨作用。
- 紫外线:产生胸腺嘧啶二聚体。
- 叠氮化钠(Sodium azide;NaN3)。
- 伽马射线、α射线等电离辐射(ionising radiations)
- 转位子(Transposons):一些能变换位置的DNA片段。
- 碱基相似物 Base analogues, substitutes
- 溴与某些溴化合物。 Bromine and some of its compounds,
- 溴化乙锭(EtBr)与其他插入剂(intercalating agents)。
- 溴尿嘧啶(Bromouracil):烷基化剂。
- 长春花生物碱(Vinca Alkaloids)等自然植物性生物碱。
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