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空穴论证

SEP上的插图,
当绝对的“时空”尺度伸缩时,因为只能通过相对物质来定义时空,时空中的观察者无法区分其变化

空穴论证(英语:Hole argument)在广义相对论中是一佯谬,曾经在阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦场方程前进的路上带来疑惑与困扰。此一论证与“流形实体论”(manifold substantialism)相对抗;流形本质论为一个将时空事件流形视为一实体(substance)之学理,其存在独立于其内所含物质

爱因斯坦的空穴论证

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广义协变性指出自然定律在所有参考系中必须相同,因此也在所有坐标系统中相同。这个原则是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在选择引力理论的场方程的一个准据。在1913年,爱因斯坦在建构广义相对论的过程中,他了解到他所发现的一些事物相当惊人,这些是广义协变性的直接结果。他将这些困扰展示为所谓的“空穴论证”。

爱因斯坦相信,空穴佯谬暗示了对物理概念上地点和时间任何有意义的定义只能通过参考物质(而物质与能量已被质能公式指出实为同质)。一个处于虚无之中的空间“点”本身没有任何意义,因为它没有任何作为参考的尺度。“时空”的物理意义只在物质通过它们时才存在。他这样说道:

“All our space-time verifications invariably amount to a determination of space-time coincidences. If, for example, events consisted merely in the motion of material points, then ultimately nothing would be observable but the meeting of two or more of these points.”[1]
(译文如下:“我们所有对时空的证明都最终取决于对时空中重合问题[a]的研究。譬如,如果一些事件只是描述质点之间的运动,那么除了当它们两个或两个以上重合时,它们的运动是无法进行观察的。”)


他认为这是广义相对论中最深刻的一个启发。根据这个论证,所有关于时空的理论都需要受到这个问题的制约。约翰·施塔赫尔称这个论证为“点-重合论证”。[2]

注释

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  1. ^ coincidences,这里的意义是关于几何上两点而言的

参考文献

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  1. ^ Einstein, 1916, p. 117 (as quoted in Rovelli's book Quantum Gravity, page 70).
  2. ^ Norton, John D., "The Hole Argument"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.).

参见

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空穴论证
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