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穴龟属

穴龟属
佛州穴龟
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行纲 Reptilia
目: 龟鳖目 Testudines
亚目: 曲颈龟亚目 Cryptodira
科: 陆龟科 Testudinidae
属: 穴龟属 Gopherus
Rafinesque, 1832

见正文

异名
  • Bysmachelys Johnston, 1937 Scaptochelys Bramble, 1982
  • Testudo milleri Brattstrom, 1961 Xerobates Agassiz, 1857

穴龟属Gopherus)是陆龟科下的一个,基因研究显示该属与亚洲的凹甲陆龟属有亲缘关系。[1] 该属的龟一般长20—50厘米(7.9—19.7英寸)。[2] 其下的五个中都发现于干旱地区。

分布与习性

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该属的龟主要生活在墨西哥北部及美国南部加利福尼亚莫哈韦沙漠佛罗里达的地区。其名称来源自这个属的龟会挖掘深而大的洞穴的能力,这些洞穴可长达40英尺(12米),深10英尺(3.0米)。[3] 他们挖掘出的洞穴中有时也会住入其他动物,诸如小型哺乳类、两栖类、鸟类以及其他爬行动物。[4]

穴龟属的龟是食草动物,主要食物包括大部分豆科植物,以及一些植物果实。同时也会食腐及一些动物粪便。它们很少呆在水中。

沙漠陆龟

繁殖

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每年的四月至五月是穴龟属的繁殖季节,但也要有可能提前到早春时节,雄龟会前往雌龟的巢穴与之交配,雌性陆龟会将产卵点选在其巢穴不远处,每次产3至15枚卵。孵化期需70至100天。出生之后就会呆在母龟的巢穴中直到它们可以自己挖掘洞穴为止,其成年时间约10至15年。[5]

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2011年7月,研究人员根据DNA和行为数据将索诺兰沙漠莫哈韦沙漠的穴龟分成了两个不同的种。[6] 因此该属下现有5种:[7]

  • 莫哈韦穴龟 Gopherus agassizii (CooCooperper, 1861)
  • Gopherus auffenbergi Mooser, 1972
  • 德州穴龟 Gopherus berlandieri Agassiz, 1857
  • Gopherus depressus Brattstrom, 1961
  • Gopherus donlaloi Reynoso & Montellano-Ballesteros, 2004
  • Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez-Torres & Murphy, 2016[8]
  • 黄缘穴龟 Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler, 1959
  • Gopherus hexagonatus (Cope, 1893)
  • 索诺兰穴龟 Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop & Riedle, 2011[6]
  • 佛州穴龟 Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin, 1801)
归入本属的物种:
  • Testudo brevisterna (Loomis, 1909)
  • Testudo edae (Hay, 1906)
  • Testudo laticunea (Cope, 1873)
  • Testudo mohavense (Merriam, 1919)

保护

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穴龟属五个种的数量都在急剧下降,以前其龟肉常被用来煮龟汤。[9] 现在其主要威胁则来自栖息地的破坏,同时宠物贸易和车辆的碾压也对其造成了一定的威胁。[2] 美国密西西比州交通部在通过穴龟属龟栖息地的高速公路两边安置了有角度的护栏,以防止这些龟爬到公路上而被车辆碾压造成伤亡。[10] 2009年11月9日,美国鱼类及野生动物管理局将美国东部的地鼠穴龟列到了其濒危物种名单上。[11]

参考文献

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  1. ^ Le, M.; Raxworthy, C. J., McCord, W. P., Mertz, L. A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2006-05-05, 40 (2): 517–531. PMID 16678445. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003. (原始内容存档于2008-10-07). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Franklin, Carl J. Turtles: An Extraordinary Natural History 245 Million Years in the Making. MBI Publishing Company. 2007: 129–131. ISBN 978-0-7603-2981-8. 
  3. ^ About The Gopher tortoise. Gopher Tortoise Council. [2009-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2009-09-01). 
  4. ^ Fergus, Charles. Turtles. Stackpole Books. 2007: 22–24. ISBN 978-0-8117-3420-2. 
  5. ^ Landers, L.J., Garner, J.A. & McRae, W.A. (1980). Reproduction on Gopher Tortoises in Southwestern Georgia, Herpetological, 36, 353-361.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 US Geological Survey. [2013-07-07]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  7. ^ Gopherus页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Reptile Database
  8. ^ Taylor Edwards, Alice Karl, Mercy Vaughn, Philip Rosen, Christina Meléndez Torres and Robert W. Murphy. 2016. The Desert Tortoise Trichotomy: Mexico hosts a third, New Sister-species of Tortoise in the Gopherus morafkai-G. agassizii group. ZooKeys 562: 131-158. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.562.6124
  9. ^ "Gopher Tortoise Stew", in: Recipes from Another Time: Savor the flavor of old St. Augustine and try a couple of these original recipes页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Smithsonian magazine, October 2001
  10. ^ Fence with an "angle" protects gopher tortoises. US Department of Transportation. 2003-04-25 [2010-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2010-06-21). 
  11. ^ Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 17 (PDF) 74 (215). National Archives and Records Administration. 2009-11-09 [2009-11-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-11-11). 

外部链接

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穴龟属
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