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棱堡

棱堡草图
位于斯洛伐克科马尔诺城堡的一座棱堡

棱堡(Bastion),是一种出现于16世纪中期至19世纪中期的火炮防御阵地。完整的棱堡除了两个前端凸出外,尚包含两个侧面保护帷幕墙并连接棱堡本体[1]。棱堡常被视作堡垒的一个重要组成部分。

欧洲史料中,“棱堡”一词常用于专指自帷幕墙向外凸出的角形结构体,然而星形要塞也有被直呼为棱堡的纪录[2]

历史

中世纪城堡在新式火炮普及后,其不耐炮击且防御死角多的问题暴露出来。百年战争末期的攻城战与君士坦丁堡的陷落等战事,更使欧洲诸国认识到旧式城墙已不再能抵抗新型加农炮的攻势。

于17世纪的八十年战争中,荷兰工程师采用半月堡英语Ravelin的设计保护主城墙免受炮火直击[3]。17世纪中叶,法国元帅沃邦改良了意大利星形要塞,这种新式的堡垒具有较矮的塔楼、更多的炮室、并由数座平直的墙面取代曲面墙,以上设计大幅强化了守军面对大军的防御能力[3]

进入19世纪后,棱堡由于陆军的机动性大为提升已然失去了以往的战略价值。19世纪后欧洲各国普遍不再维护菱堡,因此棱堡留存至今者甚至少于传统城堡。台南亿载金城为一座幸存至今的棱堡。

缺点

棱堡在为左右攻击时可夹击歼灭大部分敌军,但用平行与主城墙攻击法,在以之字形推进,即可到棱堡的突出尖端,其就是火力的死角,便可从此做出突破口,对城内进行攻击。

另见

来源与注解

  1. ^ Whitelaw 1846p. 444
  2. ^ 但在某些文件[来源请求]中发现,星型要塞包含棱堡,并非整体叫做棱堡,所以星型要塞是否等于棱堡,不得而知。
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Hinds & Fitzgerald 1981.

参考资料

  • Whitelaw, A. (编), The popular encyclopedia; or, 'Conversations Lexicon' I, Glasgow,Edinburgh, and London: Blackie & Son, 1846 
  • Harris, John. Bastions (PDF). Fortress Study Group. [2 March 2012]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-14). 

外部链接

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棱堡
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