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神佛分离

神佛分离(日语:神仏分離しんぶつぶんり shinbutsu bunri)为日本明治时代前期所发生的一系列针对佛教的宗教事件,其目的在于将佛教与日本既有的神道信仰分离,打破传统日本社会“神佛习合”的格局,以提升神道至等同国教的地位。此现象至明治宪法施行后,才由宗教自由与“国家神道”政策取代。

概述

庆应四年(即明治元年,1868年)三月二十八日,明治新政府颁布“神佛分离令”(正式名称是“神佛判然令”)[1],以禁止天皇所信从的神道与佛教混合。却因误解,于是民间引发“废佛毁释”运动,造成佛教空前的迫害浩劫,大量佛寺佛像被毁,僧侣被强制还俗。相反,神祇官职逐渐上升,使得神道“国教化日语神道国教化”。而此前的日本佛教在此事件后,逐渐产生一群复兴佛教以己任的僧侣[2]

神佛判然令下达前,神社的神官常被称呼为“和尚”,有些巫女则被称呼为“比丘尼”,比如著名的“熊野比丘尼”,即是为熊野三山神社劝募的团体。

江户时代亦有儒学昌盛的藩国施行神佛分离政策,如冈山藩水户藩淀藩出云大社在17世纪亦采取神佛分离的作法。

参考文献

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神佛分离
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