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社会性 (动物学)

一群整张猎食的包围了一头美洲野牛

社会性是指动物群体中的个体倾向于在社会团体中联系(群居性)并形成合作社会的程度。

社会性是对演化压力的一种生存反应。[1]例如,当一只母黄蜂呆在她的幼虫附近的巢穴里,寄生虫不太可能吃幼虫。生物学家怀疑,来自寄生虫和其他捕食者的压力选择了黄蜂科黄蜂的这种行为。

这种黄蜂的行为证明了动物社会性的最基本特征:亲代投资。亲代投资是指任何资源(时间、精力、社会资本)的支出,以使自己的后代受益。亲代投资削弱了父母对后代的投资能力和对亲属(包括其他后代)的帮助。照顾幼崽但没有其他社会性特征的动物被称为非社会性动物。

表现出高度社会性的动物被称为真社会性动物。社会生物学家承认的最高程度的社会性是群居性。群居类群表现为成年动物世代交叠、生殖劳动分工、合作照顾幼动物,在最精细的情况下,还表现为生物等级制度。

参考文献

  1. ^ Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (编). Evolution of Sociality. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. New York: Elsevier. 2001: 14506. ISBN 9780080430768. OCLC 47869490. 
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社会性 (动物学)
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