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远海沉积物

远海沉积物(Pelagic sediments 或 marine sediments),为那些在深海平原累积的沉积物,属远离陆源(陆地来源)的沉积物。陆源沉积物主要由河流系带并在大陆棚沉积[1]。远海沉积物与陆源沉积物混合在一起称为半远洋性沉积物(hemipelagic sediment)。

主要类别

远海沉积物主要分为三大类:[2]

硅藻软泥

硅藻软泥(Siliceous oozes)由含有二氧化硅的浮游生物的残骸组成,如硅藻类(diatom)及放射虫类(radiolaria)。这些软泥只可以在高生物生产力的地区找到,如两极海洋及近赤道上升流(upwelling)地区。此为最少有的远海沉积物,只占海床15%的地方。她比钙质软泥累积更慢,为每1000年0.2-1厘米[3]

钙质软泥

钙质软泥(Calcareous oozes)由贝壳组成,以及由被称为有孔虫类(foraminifera)、颗石藻(coccolithophore)、翼足类(pteropod)等壳体共同组成。为最普遍的远海沉积物,占海床48%的地方。这类软泥受碳酸盐补偿深度(carbonate compensation depth)的限制,只可在埋葬时高于此深度才能形成。她比其他远海沉积物累积得更快,为每1000年0.3-5厘米[4]

红土

红土(Red clays),亦称远海土(pelagic clay),在海洋最深及最远处累积,含有少于30%生物物质,其成分为不同分量的幼细石英黏土矿物质,自生的(authigenic)沉积物由海水及微流星体累积而成。虽然称为红土,但其实亦间中含有氧化矿石,发出棕色颜色。来源不明,但似乎是由远方河流及风吹尘埃而来[5];占海床38%地方,并为累积速度最慢的远海沉积物,为每1000年0.1-0.5厘米[3]

软泥与红土的划分

软泥(Ooze)并不是指其沉积物的硬度,而是指其来源。软泥主要为生物所造成的(biogenic),由浮游生物界的残骸组成。红土为非生物所造成的(non-biogenic),因为其含有少数有机物质[6]。更精细划分的话,任何沉积物含有30%以上的微小骨骼残骸被称为软泥。[7]。无论她们从何而来,所有远海沉积物的累积速度均是十分缓慢,为小于每一千年几厘米[8]

不同类别的成因

在固定地点的沉积物累积类别由其与陆地距离、水深、总体肥沃程度决定[9]。例如当压力令海水二氧化碳溶解性提高时,水柱(water column)便会在较深的地方有较高的腐蚀性。在碳酸盐补偿深度下约4.5公里时,碳酸盐(carbonate)的溶解速度便与沉积速度等同[9]

外部链接

参见

注脚

  1. ^ Pinet 83, Rothwell 70.
  2. ^ Rothwell 70.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Rothwell 75, 77.
  4. ^ Rothwell 74-5, 77.
  5. ^ Pinet 99-100, Rothwell 76.
  6. ^ Pinet 99.
  7. ^ Pinet 101.
  8. ^ Rothwell 77.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Rothwell 73.

参考资料

  • Pinet, Paul R. Invitation to Oceanography St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 0-314-06339-0
  • Rothwell, R. G., "Deep Ocean Pelagic Oozes", Vol. 5. of Selley, Richard C., L. Robin McCocks, and Ian R. Plimer, Encyclopedia of Geology, Oxford: Elsevier Limited, 2005. ISBN 0-12-636380-3
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远海沉积物
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