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学政.
学政,全称提督学政,别称学使、学台,古代学官名。
学政一般由翰林学士或进士出身的侍郎、京堂、翰、詹、科、道、部属等京官担任,职责是“掌一省学校、士习、文风之政令”[1],例如主持院试,选拔秀才,并督察各地学官。每省一人,地位在总督、巡抚之下,与布政使(藩使)、按察使(臬使)平行,称藩臬学。
明正统元年(1436年),在布政使司下设立儒学提举司,设提学官(也称学政使、人称儒宪,学宪、督学)一名,一般由按察司副使或佥事担任。南直、北直任用监察御史各一员任提学官。景泰元年(1450年)废止了上述机构制度。天顺六年(1462年),又恢复了上述机构制度。沿袭至1905年废科举,奏定《各厅州县劝学所章程》,学政裁撤,各省改设提学使司,有提学使一人, 正三品[2]。
清朝由翰林及进士出身的部院京官中选派,各带原衔品级,任期三年。不论本人官阶大小,在任学政期间,与督、抚平行。提督学政直属中央,无俸,年养廉银3200两。门子、轿伞扇夫共11名,快手12名,皂隶、听事共14名,通共37名。提督学政职权为:掌管全省学校生员考课升降事,掌理岁、科二试,届时巡历所属府、州,考查诸生的文才、品行、学习勤惰,并对所属学官进行考核;参予全省政务,凡省内兴革之类重大事宜,均参加会议并与巡抚、藩、臬会商以行。
- ^ 见《清朝文献通考》卷八十五职官九。
- ^ 《清史稿·志九十一》
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