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吉布斯相律

约西亚·吉布斯

吉布斯相律[1][2]是由约西亚·吉布斯于19世纪70年代提出的一个公式,说明了在特定相态下,系统的自由度跟其他变量的关系。它是相图的基本原理。

吉布斯相律的表达式为:

式中,(或作,Φ),表示系统的自由度

  • C :系统的独立组元数(number of independent component)
  • P :相态数目
  • n :外界因素,多数取n=2,代表压力和温度;对于熔点极高的固体,蒸汽压的影响非常小,可取n=1。

例子

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单组分系统

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为例子,只有一种化合物,C=1。

在三相点,P=3。F=1-P+2=0,没有自由度,所以温度和压力都固定,无法借由改变温度或压力决定三相点。

当两种态处于平衡,P=2,F=1-P+2=1,有一个自由度,而在指定一压力,便恰好有一个熔点或沸点,符合吉布斯相律的描述。

在三相图的固液气单相区,P=1,F=1-P+2=2,有两个自由度,因此需要同时指定一压力及温度才可决定物质的状态。

二组分混合物系统

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Gibbs, J.W., Scientific Papers (Dover, New York, 1961)
  2. ^ Atkins, P.W.; de Paula, J. Physical chemistry 8th. edition. Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0198700725.  Chapter 6
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吉布斯相律
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