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相对论火箭

相对论火箭(Relativistic rocket)是指任何速度接近相对论中速度参数(真空中光速c)而不可忽略狭义相对论作用的火箭。严格来说在任何时候相对论作用都存在。什么时候才“不可忽略相对论作用”需要看问题条件。一般来说当速度超越0.5c时时间膨胀长度收缩等作用会使火箭运动偏离经典力学的预测。

本文章讨论理想火箭模型(Tsiolkovsky火箭模型)的狭义相对论延伸。

火箭方程式

理想火箭是指以下模型:总质量的火箭以相对它本身的固定速度排出质量(如气体)推进。

经典力学里,火箭速度和质量符合来自动量守恒的理想火箭方程:

注意经典力学里火箭运动的能量并不守恒:火箭方程概括火箭和排出质量的非弹性碰撞。部分能量以热等不能做功形式离开动力系统。 从静止开始,当燃料用到火箭质量余下后火箭速度为:

当火箭速度接近光速时,以上火箭方程式仅是相对论修正的近似。

[1]

其中。 不同于经典火箭方程式,相对论火箭方程式来自相对论动量和能量(包括质量能量)同时守恒。 火箭从静止开始。当燃料用到余下质量等于后火箭速度为:

以上方程式里叫specific impulse:

注意火箭速度一直在光速以下。

参考

  1. ^ S. T. Marion and J. B. Thornton, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems, 5th ed. Brooks Cole 2003. ISBN 0534408966.
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相对论火箭
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