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监管俘虏

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政治领域,监管俘虏(英语:Regulatory capture),或称机构俘获(英语:agency capture)是一种政治腐败形式(参看侍从主义)。当政治实体、政策制定者或管理者被选为服务于少数选区的商业、意识形态或政治利益时,就会发生这种情况。 如特定地理区域、产业、职业或意识形态团体。[1][2]

当该现象发生时,特殊利益优先于公众的一般利益,导致社会的净损失[3]

理论

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对于公共选择理论的学者而言,管制俘虏现象之所以发生,是因为在政策或监管决策的结果中拥有重大利益的团体或个人,会集中他们的资源和精力,以获取他们偏好的政策结果;而公众成员由于个人对结果的利益较小,通常会忽视这些影响[4]。所谓管制俘虏,指的是利益团体成功影响监理机构的工作人员或委员会成员的行为。

管制俘虏理论是公共选择学中的一个重要分支,称为管制经济学。此类经济学家对政府通过管制干预以保护公共财的观点持批评态度。经常被引用的重要文献包括伯恩斯坦英语Marver Bernstein(1955)、Huntington(1952)、Laffont & Tirole(1991)以及Levine & Forrence(1990)。管制俘虏理论与诺贝尔经济学奖得主乔治·斯蒂格勒密切相关[5],他是该理论的主要开创者之一[6]

管制俘虏的风险来自于机构本身的性质[7]。这表明,应尽可能保护监管机构免受外部影响,或者根本不应设立某些机构。一个被俘虏的监管机构通常比没有监管更糟,因为它行使了政府的权力。然而,增加机构的透明度可能会减轻俘虏的影响。最近的证据显示,即使在具有高透明度和媒体自由的成熟民主国家,复杂的监理环境仍与更高水平的腐败(包括管制俘虏)相关联[8]

乔治·斯蒂格勒将管制俘虏问题定义为“发现何时以及为何某个行业能够利用国家为其服务的问题”。他专注于整个行业。然而,实际上,并非整个行业在“俘虏”其监管机构,而是大公司利用“旋转门”的方式,通过提供高薪来“劫持”监管机构。Brezis和Cariolle(2019)研究显示[9],与监管机构有关的公司主要是大型企业。事实上,前五大金融公司集中了约80%的“旋转门”活动和管制俘虏,这导致同一行业中企业之间影响力的不平等。

值得注意的是,发达国家的管制俘虏已不再与腐败和非法行为相关,反而是与权力滥用有关[10]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Dal Bó, Ernesto. Regulatory capture: A review. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2006, 22 (2): 203–225. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grj013. 
  2. ^ Regulatory Capture Definition. Investopedia. [October 2, 2015]. (原始内容存档于October 3, 2015). 
  3. ^ Wilson, James. Bureaucracy : what government agencies do and why they do it. New York: Basic Books. 2000. ISBN 0465007856. 
  4. ^ Timothy B. Lee, "Entangling the Web" 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2018-07-06. The New York Times (August 3, 2006). Retrieved April 1, 2011
  5. ^ Editorial Board. Regulatory Capture 101: Impressionable journalists finally meet George Stigler. Wall Street Journal. October 6, 2014 [March 14, 2017]. (原始内容存档于October 18, 2014). 
  6. ^ Amann, Edmund (编). Regulating Development: Evidence from Africa and Latin America. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2006: 14 [April 14, 2011]. ISBN 978-1-84542-499-2. (原始内容存档于2016-12-12) –通过Google Books. 
  7. ^ Gary Adams, Sharon Hayes, Stuart Weierter and John Boyd, "Regulatory Capture: Managing the Risk" 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2011-07-20. ICE Australia, International Conferences and Events (PDF) (October 24, 2007). Retrieved April 14, 2011
  8. ^ Hamilton, Alexander (2013), Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction [1] 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2016-06-07., World Bank.
  9. ^ Brezis, Elise; Cariolle, Joel. The revolving door, state connections, and inequality of influence in the financial sector. Journal of Institutional Economics. 2019, 15 (4): 595–614. S2CID 219262789. doi:10.1017/S1744137418000498. 
  10. ^ Brezis, Elise S. Legal conflicts of interest of the revolving door (PDF). Journal of Macroeconomics. June 2017, 52: 175–188. doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2017.04.006. hdl:10419/173749. 
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监管俘虏
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