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盔犀鸟

盔犀鸟
未成熟的雄性
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 犀鸟目 Bucerotiformes
科: 犀鸟科 Bucerotidae
属: 盔犀鸟属 Rhinoplax
Gloger, 1841
种:
盔犀鸟 R. vigil
二名法
Rhinoplax vigil
Pennant, 1781
异名

Buceros vigil Forster, 1781

盔犀鸟学名Rhinoplax vigil)是犀鸟科中体型非常大的鸟类。分布于马来半岛苏门答腊婆罗洲、泰国和缅甸。头骨约占其3千克重量的11%。与任何其他犀鸟不同,其头骨几乎是实心的,用于雄性之间的格斗。[3]

描述

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盔犀鸟的羽毛大部分是黑色的,除了腹部、腿和尾巴是白色的,尾巴的尖端附近有一条黑色的带。尾巴很长,中央的两根尾羽比其他的长得多,使这种鸟的总长度比其他任何犀鸟都长。体长为110—120厘米(不包括尾羽),尾羽可使其长度增加50厘米。一只雄性体重3.1千克,而两只雌性平均体重约为2.7千克。虽然有时被认为是最大的亚洲犀鸟,但其体重与双角犀鸟相似,且比非洲地犀鸟轻得多。[4][5]

习性

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一只成熟雄性鸟的插图,可区分其头骨形状和红喉区域

盔犀鸟主要吃绞杀植物的果实。这种鸟每年繁殖一次,产下一只雏鸟。雌鸟和雏鸟在出生后五个月中会生活在一个密封的树洞里。雄性为争夺领地战斗,用它们的头骨互相撞击。[6]这种情况被称为空中格斗。雌性有时会在空中格斗中陪伴雄性,但在碰撞时中会转向相反的方向。[7]

状况

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在持续的狩猎和栖息地丧失之后,盔犀鸟在2015年的IUCN濒危物种红色名录中从近危升级为极危。它被列入CITES附录I。据保护组织TRAFFIC称,仅在中国和印度尼西亚,短短三年内就有2170个头骨被收缴。[8]泰国森林中只剩下不到100只鸟。在过去的五年里,至少有546个盔犀鸟的身体部位(主要是头骨)在泰国Facebook上出售。商人以5000—6000泰铢的价格向村民购买盔犀鸟头骨。在城市翻倍或三倍出售,在海外销售时价格呈指数增长。[9]

鹤顶红

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19世纪日本的鹤顶红腰带饰物,呈现自然的尾脂腺着色

盔犀鸟的头骨是鹤顶红的来源,这是一种珍贵的雕刻材料。土著人还会用其中央尾羽装饰舞斗篷和头饰。历史上,中国和日本的雕刻师也使用过这种材料。[10][11]

参考资料

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  1. ^ BirdLife International. Rhinoplax vigil. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020, 2020: e.T22682464A184587039 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682464A184587039.en可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ Appendices | CITES. cites.org. [2022-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-05). 
  3. ^ The bird that's more valuable than ivory. Magazine. BBC News. 12 October 2015 [19 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-26). 
  4. ^ Helmeted hornbill videos, photos and facts – Rhinoplax vigil. arkive.org. [2012-05-03]. (原始内容存档于2012-04-16). 
  5. ^ Dunning, John B. Jr. (编). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 2nd. CRC Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5. 
  6. ^ Bale, Rachael. Poached for Its Horn, This Rare Bird Struggles to Survive需要付费订阅. National Geographic. September 2018 [20 April 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-01). 
  7. ^ Kinnaird, Margaret; Hadiprakarsa, Yokyok; Thiensongrusamee, Preeda. Aerial jousting by Helmeted Hornbills Rhinoplax vigil: Observations from Indonesia and Thailand. Ibis. 2003, 145 (3): 506–508. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00188.x. 
  8. ^ Helmeted Hornbills - Species we work with at TRAFFIC. www.traffic.org. [2019-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30) (英语). 
  9. ^ Sivasomboon, Busaba. Better protection sought for Thailand's helmeted hornbill. Minneapolis Star Tribune. Associated Press. 11 October 2019 [12 October 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-21). 
  10. ^ BBC Magazine. The bird that's more valuable than ivory. BBC. 12 Oct 2015 [13 Oct 2015]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-26). 
  11. ^ Cammann, Schuyler V. R. The story of hornbill ivory. Museum Bulletin (Penn Museum). 1950, 15 (4): 19–47 [2023-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-20). 

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盔犀鸟
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