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界画.
界画是中国画的一种,即在作画时使用界尺引线,用以画建筑等物。最著名的界画为清明上河图。一般以宫室、楼台、屋宇等建筑物为主体,以山水为背景,人物舟车等为点缀,采用“散点透视”(平行透视),没有固定不变的视点,根据作画者的需要随时变换视点。[1]
汉代有汉武帝的《甘泉宫图》、《汉麟阁图》等作品。目前可见的汉朝表现建筑的作品来自陆续发掘出来的汉墓室壁画和汉画像砖。东晋顾恺之有《水阁围棋图》、《洛神赋图卷》等作品,其中《洛神赋图卷》中的龙舟是迄今所见最早使用界画技法的卷轴画作品。隋代出现了展子虔、郑法士、董伯仁等专擅人物外兼长楼阁的名家。界画到了唐代出现新的繁荣,现存唐人的《宫苑图》,可谓早期界画的实例。界画随宋代绘画鼎盛而登上高峰。宋代写实画讲究“石分三面”,试图表示光影明暗关系,对透视颇为关注,甚至达到西方绘画早期“正前缩距透视法”水准。到了元代,写意的文人画进一步兴起,在审美上追求诗境,开始贬抑缜密工整的界画。明代界画全面衰退。清代康雍乾时期的界画则在各种绘画思想、表现形式、艺术风格激烈竞争,在江苏扬州地区得到发展,形成历史的另一高峰。[1]清代界画主流可概略分为宫廷界画和以扬州地区所代表的民间界画。[2]
界画在晋朝即已产生,在隋朝已经发展得比较完善,现存最早的大型界画是唐朝懿德太子李重润墓中的《阙楼图》。
著名界画画家有晚唐时的尹继昭、五代时的赵德义、北宋初年的郭忠恕、元朝的王振鹏、夏永 (画家)、李容瑾,明朝的仇英,清朝的袁江、袁耀等人。
- ^ 1.0 1.1 李晓丹. 17-18世纪中西建筑文化交流. 天津大学 建筑科学与工程. 2004: p183.
- ^ 吴慧敏. 袁江袁耀界畫藝術初探. 国立台湾师范大学美术学系. 2005: p24.
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