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甲状腺癌

甲状腺癌
乳突状甲状腺癌英语papillary thyroid cancer显微镜检图,可以看到癌细胞核呈现空亮状,此特征又称为“安妮眼睛核 ”,为此类型甲状腺癌的重要病理特征。
症状部肿胀[1]
风险因素辐射暴露、甲状腺肿、遗传病史[1][2]
诊断方法超声波细针抽吸细胞检查英语fine needle aspiration[1]
鉴别诊断甲状腺结节英语Thyroid nodule远端转移肿瘤[1][3]
治疗手术切除、放射线疗法化学疗法甲状腺激素靶向治疗观察性等待英语watchful waiting[1]
预后五年存活率 98%(美国)[4]
患病率3.2 million (2015)[5]
死亡数31,900 (2015)[6]
分类和外部资源
医学专科肿瘤学
ICD-112D10
ICD-9-CM193、​239.7
MedlinePlus001213
eMedicine851968
Orphanet100087
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

甲状腺癌(Thyroid cancer)是一个起源于甲状腺组织的癌症[1],具有远端转移的潜能[7][8]。症状包含部肿胀或形成硬块[1]。必须注意的是,其他地方的肿瘤也可能转移到甲状腺,但此类癌症不归类于甲状腺癌中[3]

较常见的原发性甲状腺癌可分四大类:甲状腺乳突癌英语papillary thyroid cancer甲状腺滤泡癌英语follicular thyroid cancer甲状腺髓质癌,以及甲状腺未分化癌[3],较少见的原发性甲状腺癌有许特莱细胞癌、甲状腺淋巴癌。

症状及体征

有乳头状甲状腺癌的淋巴结显微照片

最常见的甲状腺癌初期症状为在颈部的甲状腺一带出现小小的甲状腺小肿块英语Thyroid nodules[9]。然而,许多成人的甲状腺上也都有小肉块,而绝大多数的小肉块都是良性的(benign tumour),只有5%的小肉块是恶性肿瘤[来源请求]。有时甲状腺癌候第一个症状会是肿大的淋巴结。第二个症状则是脖子前半部的疼痛以及声音的改变。声音的改变往往暗示著癌细胞已经入侵喉返神经

甲状腺癌经常出现在甲状腺功能正常英语euthyroid的人身上。不过若有甲状腺功能亢进甲状腺机能低下的症状,可能暗示著甲状腺癌的病灶(肿瘤)的尺寸已大到压迫到甲状腺使得甲状腺功能出现异常、或癌症已开始转移

特别注意的是,小于二十岁出现甲状腺小肿块的人。因为甲状腺的良性赘生物通常不会出现在这个年纪。因此这类小赘生物比较可能会是恶性。

流行病学

2015年,全球约有320万人罹患甲状腺癌[5],2012年,约有298,000例新诊断病例[10]。甲状腺癌最常发生于35至65岁之间,其中女性患者较男性为多[4]。另外亚裔罹患此病风险也较高[3]。后来甲状腺癌的发生率越来越高,这可能肇因于诊断技术的进步[10]。2015年,约有31,900人死于甲状腺癌[6]

病因及风险因子

一般认为甲状腺癌与先天基因及后天环境因子的交互作用有关,然而确切的病因尚未确定。风险因子包含幼年期辐射暴露、甲状腺肿,以及家族病史[1][2]

研究人员怀疑暴露于天然或人工游离辐射有可能在甲状腺细胞突变中扮演重大的角色。其他受到怀疑的致病因子为:暴露于一定剂量碘-131中(例如:福岛第一核电站事故[11]克什特姆核废料爆炸事故温斯乔火灾[12]等核灾[13]),及暴露于治疗淋巴瘤用的斗篷射野放疗(mantlefield radiation)中。

甲状腺发炎英语Thyroiditis和其他甲状腺症状也容易发展成为甲状腺癌[12][14]

包含多发性内分泌肿瘤类型2英语multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2在内的基因因素会显著增加甲状腺罹癌率,特别是较少见的髓型疾病(medullary form of the disease)[15]

诊断

诊断方式通常以超声波细针抽吸细胞检查英语fine needle aspiration进行诊断[1]。根据2017年的指引,对于没有症状及无特殊风险的人并不需对此病进行常规筛检[16]

治疗

抑制恶性甲状腺癌最有效的方式为手术切除甲状腺的外科切除放射线疗法(包含放射碘疗法)、化学疗法甲状腺激素靶向治疗,以及等待观察英语watchful waiting[1]。手术可以切除部分或完全切除所有甲状腺[3]。在美国,该病的五年存活率可达98%[4]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Thyroid Cancer Treatment. National Cancer Institute. 2017-04-27 [2017-07-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-15) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Carling, Tobias; Udelsman, Robert. Thyroid Cancer. Annual Review of Medicine. 2014-01-14, 65 (1) [2022-10-29]. ISSN 0066-4219. PMID 24274180. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-061512-105739. (原始内容存档于2022-10-29) (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Thyroid Cancer Treatment. National Cancer Institute. 2017-05-12 [2017-07-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-16) (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cancer of the Thyroid - Cancer Stat Facts. seer.cancer.gov. [2017-07-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-15) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053) [2022-10-29]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5055577可免费查阅. PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. (原始内容存档于2019-12-07) (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Zian; Coates, Matthew M.; Coggeshall, Megan. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053). ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5388903可免费查阅. PMID 27733281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 (英语). 
  7. ^ Cancer Fact sheet N°297. World Health Organization. February 2014 [2014-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-29). 
  8. ^ Defining Cancer. National Cancer Institute. [2014-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2014-06-25). 
  9. ^ Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers. Cancer Network. [2022-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-29) (英语). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 World Cancer Report 2014.. World Health Organization. 2014: Chapter 5.15. ISBN 9283204298. 
  11. ^ Radioactive I-131 from Fallout. National Cancer Institute. [2014-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-19). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Thyroid cancer epidemiology in England and Wales: time trends and geographical distribution. US National Library of Medicine. [2017-03-02]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-10). 
  13. ^ Experts link higher incidence of children’s cancer to Fukushima radiation. ScienceAlert. [2016-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-19). 
  14. ^ Pacini, F.; Castagna, M. G.; Brilli, L.; Pentheroudakis, G. Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 2010-05-01, 21. ISSN 0923-7534. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq190 (英语). 
  15. ^ Genetics of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Neoplasias. National Cancer Institute. [2014-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-04). 
  16. ^ US Preventive Services Task Force; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Grossman, David C.; Curry, Susan J.; Barry, Michael J.; Davidson, Karina W.; Doubeni, Chyke A.; Epling, John W.; Kemper, Alex R.; Krist, Alex H.; Kurth, Ann E. Screening for Thyroid Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017-05-09, 317 (18). ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 28492905. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.4011 (英语). 

参见

外部链接

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甲状腺癌
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