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甘德 (天文学家).
生平
生于今山东省,[2]他与同时代的石申夫完成了历史上已知第二早的星表《甘石星经》,仅次于巴比伦星表,比希腊天文学家喜帕恰斯完成的西洋第一份星表还早了二百多年。
著作
他的著作分别有:一本是关于木星的,另一本是著有八卷的《天文星占》、还有《甘氏四七法》一卷和《岁星经》等,但早已佚失,只能从《史记》(卷27)和《汉书》(卷26)的引述中得知,而主要留存在《开元占经》中。[3]
在1973年,一部相似的星表在马王堆出土,在五行的占卜的章节中,记录了公元前246年至公元前177年的金星、木星、水星、火星和土星的位置变化。根据其中的一份文件的描述,[4]甘德可能在公元前364年就以肉眼看见了木星的卫星木卫三(甘尼米德),[5]比伽利略在公元1610年的发现早了二千多年,但至现时为止仍未被国际所承认。(纯就技术而言,木星的四大卫星都能以肉眼看见,但通常都因为被木星的光辉遮蔽而不能看见。)利用高耸的树木枝桠遮蔽掉木星本身的光芒,在有利的情况下是有可能看见一些木星的伽利略卫星。
注释
- ^ 《史记·天官书》记载:“在齐,甘公;楚,唐昧;赵,尹皋;魏,石申。”
- ^ 史记卷27天官书指他是齐国人,但根据徐广在4世纪时的补注指他其实来自鲁国;到5世纪时阮孝绪《七录》再补注他其实来自楚国。
- ^ 甘德和石申的另外两卷文稿,通常称为《甘石星经》。但是,开元时代的这本占星术的书被认为并不可靠,因为书中的诸多地方的名称都与当时的不同。
- ^ 《开元占经》卷二十三:“岁星在子,与虚、危晨出夕入,其状甚大,有光,若有小赤星附于其侧,是谓同盟。”
- ^ 中国科学史学者席泽宗在1981年断定他看到的是木卫三。
参考资料
- 席泽宗:《伽利略前二千年甘德对木卫的发现》,《天体物理学报》, 1981年
- Du Shiran; et al. Biographies of Ancient Chinese Scientists Series One: Gan De. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe. 1992: 25–27 [2007-04-18]. ISBN 978-7-03-002926-3. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29).
- Ma Linghong. Discoveries and Studies on the Bamboo and Silk Texts. Shanghai: Shanghai Shudian Chubanshe. 2002: 56–58. ISBN 978-7-80622-944-6.
- Gu Jianqing; et al. Great Lexicon on Chinese Arts of Necromancy. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press. 1991: 648. ISBN 978-7-306-00313-3.
- X. Zezong, The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo, Chinese Physics 2 (3) (1982): 664-667.
- Sky and Telescope, February , 1981.
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