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甘丹塔钦

甘丹塔钦藏语དགའ་ལྡན་དར་ཤིང་),又称“夏加里”,位于西藏自治区拉萨市城关区八廓东南角,是一座大经旗杆。[1][2]“塔钦”意为“大经旗”。

简介

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“甘丹塔钦”意思是“甘丹寺大经旗杆”。传说,15世纪初,宗喀巴拉萨河南岸的山上兴建甘丹寺。竣工当天,宗喀巴正在拉萨城内的大昭寺附近。他的弟子前来寻找宗喀巴以告知竣工喜讯,在八廓的东南角遇到了宗喀巴。宗喀巴得知喜讯后十分高兴,将手杖插在地上,随即在路旁席地而坐,念诵吉祥文。此后,人们在宗喀巴插手杖处立起了甘丹塔钦,旗杆内装藏有宗喀巴的这根手杖。[1][3]

藏学家廖东凡则在其一本著作中称,1409年,宗喀巴举办第一届广愿大法会,在八廓的东南角竖立了大旗。法会结束后,拉萨在插旗之处竖立了甘丹塔钦,内装宗喀巴的手杖,作为纪念。[1]

甘丹塔钦旁边有许多景点。附近的藏式楼,也叫“顿钦苏”,即“大经旗杆边的房屋”。[3]甘丹塔钦旁边的角落中有一座黄色的房子,名叫“顿苏色康”(意为“大经旗杆旁边的黄房子”),现在是玛吉阿米餐厅。[2][1]角落墙上的浮雕是在街头流浪的东苏拉姆,传说她是大昭寺吉祥天母之女,游手好闲,四处游荡,后来遭到母亲驱逐,流落街头,在该角落乞讨为生。途经该浮雕的行人,会向浮雕墙撒一把糌粑作为施舍。顺着绕八廓经东南角右拐之后右侧第一座老房子是拉让宁巴(又译“拉章宁巴”),是宗喀巴主持维修大昭寺及举办广愿大法会时的居所,也可以说该房子相当于当时广愿大法会组织委员会的临时办公楼。[1]

旧时,藏历每年正月初三和五月十五日,均会将该旗杆放倒,重新更换经旗及哈达[2]

八廓有四根大经旗杆,分别为乔塔钦、甘丹塔钦、嘎顿塔钦格桑塔钦。旧时,拉萨有专人管理这些大经旗杆,称为“热结巴”,既是乞丐,又是西藏噶厦的差役。此外还有一种称作“边顿巴”的贱民,多是从监狱释放的囚犯,地位更低,只能当“热结巴”的助手。每年藏历腊月初八日,“热结巴”们便将四根经旗杆放倒,悬挂上新的旗幡、经文、哈达、彩布,到次年藏历正月初三日,将四根经旗杆重新竖立起来。[3]

西藏和平解放后,“热结巴”、“边顿巴”均没有了,该任务曾由拉萨市文教局清洁队承担。1960年代初,清洁队每次将经旗杆放倒又重新竖立时,仍完全靠手工操作,经旗杆立起来后,接着喇嘛们云集拉萨城,开始举行一年一度的传召大法会文化大革命中,有两根经旗杆被毁,1986年十世班禅重新竖立。[3]

参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 林聪,一步一如来:拉萨圣境旅人书,湖南文艺出版社,2011年
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 三条老街感受新旧拉萨,中国西藏网,2010-05-23. [2013-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-08). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 神·佛·地祗之 八廓街四根巨型经旗杆,载 廖东凡,雪域西藏风情录,五洲传播出版社,1998年. [2013-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-03-02). 

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甘丹塔钦
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