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猎官制

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猎官制(英语:Spoils system),又称分赃制度,是以政治背景进行公职任命。特别盛行在已发展政党政治的19世纪的美国,因选举而政权政党轮替之际,不分中央、地方的公务员悉数变更为新政权政党的人物。也称作猎官主义党人任用制

描绘安德鲁·杰克逊和猎官制的政治漫画

概要

透过选举获得政权后,为了执政的需要,以新政权的支持者担任公职而更换公务员。在1829年之前,新任美国总统对于公务员更换幅度不大。1829年3月4日美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊的第一次就职典礼与过去相反,寻求公职的参与者使得就职典礼陷入混乱;虽然有人试图将其解释为民主的热情,但其实是杰克逊为了获得政治支持,承诺当选后给予支持者公职。杰克逊上台后遵守承诺,在其当选的第一年就撤换了919名官员,占联邦政府职位的近10%,也超过他之前所有总统撤换官员的总数。[1]“猎官制”一词源自杰克逊当选总统后大幅度更换公职,被美国参议员威廉·L·马西形容公职宛如胜者的猎物。

后续发展

此章节尚无参考来源,内容或许无法查证

猎官制的缺点愈来愈严重与明显,美国国会因此于1883年通过彭德尔顿法案,确定了文官职位是由公开竞争性考试、择优录取的原则。大多数联邦政府职位最终都适用该法,使得猎官制后来只限于少数联邦政府职位。

关连项目

参考文献

  1. ^ Daniel Walker Howe. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848. Oxford University Press. 2007-10-29: 333. ISBN 978-0-19-507894-7. 
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