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犒赏系统

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“成瘾及生理、心理依赖”的相关术语词汇表[1][2][3][4]
  • 成瘾脑部失调的情形,特征是会强迫性的接触犒赏刺激,不去考虑其带来的负面结果。
  • 成瘾行为:具有犒赏性及正向增强效应的行为
  • 成瘾药物:具有犒赏性及正向增强效应的药物
  • 依赖性:之前曾频繁接触刺激源(例如药物摄取),中断接触后出现戒断症状的情形
  • 药物敏化逆耐药性:在固定药物剂量的情形下重复给药,而相同剂量的药物效果增强的情形
  • 药物戒断:在重复药物使用后停药,出现的症状
  • 生理依赖:出现持续生理戒断症状(例如疲劳及震颤性谵妄)的依赖性
  • 心理依赖:出现情绪或是精神戒断症状(例如烦躁失乐)的依赖性
  • 增强刺激:特定类型的刺激,接触后会增加再接触此刺激的可能性
  • 犒赏刺激:特定类型的刺激,大脑会认为此刺激是正向的,会想再进行的
  • 敏化作用:重复接受某一刺激后产生的刺激增强性反应
  • 物质使用疾患 :使用特定物质,而且造成临床上或是功能上的损伤或是困境的情形
  • 药物耐受性:重复接受某一药物后产生的药物降低性反应

犒赏系统(英语:reward system)是一组神经结构,旨在维护动机显著性英语incentive salience(也就是动机、需求、喜好等)、联想学习(主要依靠增强古典制约)和正面情感英语Positive affectivity(尤其是以愉悦感为核心的情感)。[5]犒赏通常是极具诱惑的刺激,能够引导出满足欲望的行为。[5]

主要犒赏(primary reward)是那些对于个人与其子嗣生存十分必要的犒赏,包括有助于维持稳态(如食物)、钱财的犒赏。[5][6]内在犒赏(intrinsic rewards)则因其本身即可带来愉悦感,而是一种无条件的犒赏。[5]外在犒赏(extrinsic rewards,如钱财)则是有条件的犒赏——其本身并不能为人直接带来愉悦感,但却吸引、激励着人们。[5]通过习得联系,外在犒赏会逐渐与内在犒赏建立起联系。[5]

大多数动物物种的生存取决于最大限度地与有益刺激的接触和最小限度地与有害刺激的接触。奖赏认知的作用是通过引起联想学习,引起接近和消费行为,并引发积极的情感,从而增加生存和繁殖的可能性[5]。 因此,奖赏是一种机制,它的进化有助于增加动物的适应性适应性。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Nestler, Eric J.; Malenka, Robert C. Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. Molecular neuropharmacology : a foundation for clinical neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 364–375. ISBN 978-0-07-164119-7. OCLC 273018757. 
  2. ^ Nestler, Eric J. Cellular basis of memory for addiction. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2013-12, 15 (4): 431–443. ISSN 1294-8322. PMC 3898681可免费查阅. PMID 24459410. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler. 
  3. ^ Glossary. Icahn School of Medicine. [2021-04-29]. 
  4. ^ Volkow, Nora D.; Koob, George F.; McLellan, A. Thomas. Longo, Dan L. , 编. Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016-01-28, 374 (4): 363–371. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 6135257可免费查阅. PMID 26816013. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480 (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Schultz W. Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data. Physiological Reviews. 2015, 95 (3): 853–951. PMC 4491543可免费查阅. PMID 26109341. doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014. 
  6. ^ Dopamine Involved In Aggression. Medical News Today. 2008-01-15 [2010-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2010-09-23). 
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犒赏系统
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