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特务.
特务或特工(英语:Agent)是指受政府情报机关派遣从事秘密情治、搜捕、暗杀、破坏、谍报工作的人员,例如间谍、秘密警察等。
词源
在汉字文化圈中,“特务”此一词汇始于日本特务机关。日本陆军最早出现的“特务机关长”是1906年8月至1910年11月的长春特务机关长守田利远(陆士旧8),其曾主持编撰三卷本《满州地志》。俄国爆发十月革命后,1918年日本决定出兵干涉俄国革命,占领了远东地区、外贝加尔,最远驻兵至鄂木斯克。日本占领军面临“如何解决第一线部队遇到的纯作战以外的各种复杂问题”,主要是防止基层官兵被赤化。根据鄂木斯克机构长高柳保太郎陆军少将的建议,军部于1919年2月决定将军事间谍机关正式命名为“特务机关”,原则上归西伯利亚派遣军司令官统辖,在军参谋长指挥下开展业务,其任务规定为“统帅范围以外的军事外交和收集情报”。1919年秋,日军经过整顿确定以下特务机关,即海参崴、尼科尔斯克、伯力、布拉戈维申斯克、赤塔、伊尔库次克、鄂木斯克、哈尔滨。1922年10月撤军,日本特务机关仅剩在北满的哈尔滨、满洲里和黑河。1932年8月至1936年3月关东军设特务部,参谋长小矶国昭、西尾寿造先后兼部长。
“特务”这一概念在中国大陆始于1927年5月周恩来成为中共中央军事部长后,在军事部下面成立的“特务工作处”(也有称“特务工作科”)。自中华民国抗日战争开始,特务在中共的用法逐渐贬义,通常指与中共的敌对方(尤其是国民政府)的情报人员。而在台湾则为中性词汇。
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