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佐领

佐领,或称牛彔牛录满语ᠨᡳᡵᡠ穆麟德转写niru),意为“大箭” ,为清朝八旗当中的基本单位。明万历二十九年(1601年)努尔哈赤定三百人为一牛彔。

佐领之长官,最初称为牛彔额真满语ᠨᡳᡵᡠ
ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
穆麟德转写niru ejen女真语“额真”意为“主人”,“牛彔额真”即“箭主”,组长之意),后金天聪八年(1634年),改称牛彔章京顺治年间定汉译亦称为佐领,品秩为四品。乾隆年间改定武职正从品级,旗分佐领定为武职正四品;包衣佐领定为武职从四品。

沿革

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原为女真族早期兵农合一的临时性组织形式。《满洲实录》载:“满洲人出猎开围之际,各出箭一支,十人中立一总领,属九人而行。”在狩猎时,将每十个人编为一个小组,每个小组选出一位首领,而这九名组员必须各送一只箭给首领,小组被称为“牛彔”。所以牛彔就成为兵制的单位,其首领称为“牛彔额真”。

万历十一年(1583年)起,努尔哈赤为适应统一女真各部的军事需要,沿用此种旧称,把它改造为大型、固定、有严格纪律的统属关系的新型组织。邻近女真部落,有挟丁口来归者,亦编为牛彔。牛彔不断编设,并以容纳同血缘或同地缘的人。后来规定三百人编为一牛彔,作为基本的户口和兵籍单位。皇太极时,又改为二百人。清兵入关前,八旗牛彔统计为五百八十三,又分牛彔二十八。

顺治十七年(1660年),牛彔,译为“佐”,故改称“牛彔额真”为汉语,译为“佐领”,时满洲三百一十九,又半分牛彔十四;蒙古一百三十;汉军二百零六,又半分牛彔三。八旗牛彔统计共为六百六十四个。

清代蒙古下的“苏木”即是佐领。长官称苏木章京(蒙古语ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠨ
ᠵᠠᠩᠭᠢ
,转写:sumun janggi[转写种类不明])。

参考资料

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佐领
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