牙买加克里奥尔语
| 牙买加克里奥尔语 | |
|---|---|
| Patwa、Jumiekan、Jamiekan [1] | |
| 母语国家和地区 | 牙买加、巴拿马、哥斯达黎加、哥伦比亚 (圣安德列斯-普罗维登西亚和圣卡塔利娜群岛省) |
母语使用人数 | 320万 （2000–2001） |
| 语系 | 英语克里奥尔语
|
| 文字 | 拉丁文字 |
| 语言代码 | |
| ISO 639-3 | jam |
| Glottolog | jama1262[2] |
| 语言瞭望站 | 52-ABB-am |
牙买加克里奥尔语（牙买加克里奥尔语：Jumiekan Kriyuol），又称牙买加方言（Patwa），是一种以英语为基础的克里奥尔语，受西非影响（借词大部分来自阿坎语）[3]，主要在牙买加和牙买加侨民间使用。牙买加方言在牙买加被大多数人视为母语。牙买加方言主要在17世纪时出现，当时许多黑人从西非和中非被贩卖到加勒比地区为奴，他们在学习奴隶主所说的英式英语、低地苏格兰语和爱尔兰英语的同时将自己在非洲所使用的地方话和方言带入英语。牙买加方言和标准英语不能互通。[4][5]
牙买加人将他们的语言称为“Patois”（土话）。包括牙买加克里奥尔语在内的克里奥尔语经常被认为“较少”人口使用的语言，但实际上大多数牙买加当地居民都将他们视作母语。[6]
尽管牙买加克里奥尔语大量使用来自于英语的单词或派生词以及书写系统也与英文字母很相似，但其音系和词汇却与英语有很大不同。[4]
在迈阿密、纽约、多伦多、哈特福、华盛顿特区、尼加拉瓜、哥斯达黎加和巴拿马（加勒比海沿岸），以及伦敦、[7]伯明翰、曼彻斯特和诺丁汉的牙买加人社区依旧有不少牙买加克里奥尔语使用者。在哥伦比亚的圣安德列斯-普罗维登西亚和圣卡塔利娜群岛省上发现了一种能与牙买加方言相互理解的变种，它由18世纪的牙买加马龙人（逃脱的奴隶）的后代带到该岛。
牙买加克里奥尔语主要以口头语言的形式存在，不过大量用于音乐创作，尤其是在雷鬼、舞场雷鬼以及其他流派中。尽管在牙买加大多数书面语中都使用标准的英式英语，但将近一百年来，牙买加方言也不断以文学语言的形式出现。克劳德·麦凯于1912年出版了他的牙买加诗集《牙买加之歌》（Songs of Jamaica）。[8]
词汇
另见
参考文献
引文
- ^ Chang, Laurence. Jumieka Langwij: Aatagrafi/Jamaican Language: Orthography. [2020-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-05）.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 牙買加克里奥尔语. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Cassidy FG: Multiple etymologies in Jamaican Creole. Am Speech 1966, 41:211–215
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Brown-Blake 2008.
- ^ DeCamp (1961)
- ^ Vellupillai 2015.
- ^ Mark Sebba (1993), London Jamaican, London: Longman.
- ^ Lars Hinrichs (2006), Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Creole in E-Mail Communication. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.
- ^ Williams, Joseph J. Voodoos and Obeahs:Phrases of West Indian Witchcraft. Library of Alexandria. 1932: 90 [2020-01-31]. ISBN 1-4655-1695-6. （原始内容存档于2020-01-09）.
资料来源
- Alleyne, Mervyn C. Comparative Afro-American: An Historical Comparative Study of English-based Afro-American Dialects of the New World.. Koroma. 1980.
- Bailey, Beryl, L. Jamaican Creole Syntax. Cambridge University Press. 1966.
- Brown-Blake, Celia. The right to linguistic non-discrimination and Creole language situations. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 2008, 23: 32–74.
- Cassidy, Frederic. Jamaica Talk: Three Hundred Years of English Language in Jamaica. London: MacMillan Caribbean. 1971.
- Cassidy, Frederic; Le Page, R. B. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1980.
- DeCamp, David, Social and geographic factors in Jamaican dialects, Le Page, R. B. (编), Creole Language Studies, London: Macmillan: 61–84, 1961
- DeCamp, David, The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies, Valdman, A. (编), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977
- Devonish, H.; Harry, Otelamate G., Jamaican phonology, Kortman, B.; Shneider E. W. (编), A Handbook of Varieties of English, phonology 1, Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter: 441–471, 2004
- Gibson, Kean, The Habitual Category in Guyanese and Jamaican Creoles, American Speech, 1988, 63 (3): 195–202, doi:10.2307/454817
- Hancock, Ian, More on Poppy Show, American Speech, 1985, 60 (2): 189–192, doi:10.2307/455318
- Harry, Otelemate G., Jamaican Creole, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (1): 125–131, doi:10.1017/S002510030600243X
- Ramazani, Jahan; Ellmann, Richard; O'Clair, Robert (编). The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry. 2: Contemporary Poetry 3rd. Norton. 2003. ISBN 0-393-97792-7.
- Irvine, Alison, A Good Command of the English Language: Phonological Variation in the Jamaican Acrolect, Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 2004, 19 (1): 41–76, doi:10.1075/jpcl.19.1.03irv
- Lawton, David, Grammar of the English-Based Jamaican Proverb, American Speech, 1984, 2: 123–130, doi:10.2307/455246
- Meade, R.R. Acquisition of Jamaican Phonology. Dordrecht: Holland Institute of Linguistics. 2001.
- Patrick, Peter L., Recent Jamaican Words in Sociolinguistic Context, American Speech, 1995, 70 (3): 227–264, doi:10.2307/455899
- Patrick, Peter L. Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. 1999.
- Patrick, Peter L., Jamaican Patwa (English Creole), Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages (Battlebridge Publications), 2007, 24 (1)
- Rickford, John R. Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts, Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1987.
- Vellupillai, Viveka, Pidgins, Creoles & Mixed Languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015, ISBN 9789027252715
- Winford, Donald, The Syntax of Fi Complements in Caribbean English Creole, Language, 1985, 61 (3): 588–624, doi:10.2307/414387
更多阅读
- Adams, L. Emilie. Understanding Jamaican Patois. Kingston: LMH. 1991. ISBN 976-610-155-8.
- Chang, Larry. Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language. Washington, DC: Chuu Wod. 2014. ISBN 978-0-9773391-8-1.
外部链接
维基百科提供如下语言版本：牙买加克里奥尔语维基百科
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