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爪蝠属

芬尼氏爪蝠
化石时期:始新世早期52.5 Ma
芬尼氏爪蝠(O. finneyi)化石
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 翼手目 Chiroptera
科: 爪蝠科 Onychonycteridae
属: 爪蝠属 Onychonycteris
种:
芬尼氏爪蝠 O. finneyi
二名法
Onychonycteris finneyi
Simmons, Seymour, Habersetzer, and Gunnell 2008

爪蝠属学名Onychonycteris)为目前已知最原始的两个蝙蝠单型属演化支之一,栖息于52.5百万年前始新世美国怀俄明州

分类学

于2003年,两具爪蝠的化石出土于绿河组英语Green River Formation,并于2008年二月将发现发表于《自然》,将爪蝠分类于独立的爪蝠科下[1]。爪蝠属的学名Onychonycteris其意思为“有爪的蝙蝠”,种加词则是来自于发现者,化石探勘与标本制作人员邦妮·芬尼(Bonnie Finney)[1]

描述

芬尼氏爪蝠(O. finneyi)复原图

爪蝠属与其他蝙蝠最大的区别在于牠们的五指上均具有爪,而目前已知的蝙蝠均只有其中的二或三指有爪[2]

古生物学

飞行与回声定位

芬尼氏爪蝠的发现,解决了多年来蝙蝠回声定位的发展是否早于飞行能力的争议。芬尼氏爪蝠具有完整发展的翅膀,明显具有飞行的能力;然而牠们却缺乏现存可回声定位蝙蝠所具有的膨大耳蜗,而比较像是不可回声定位的狐蝠[1]。这代表,早期的蝙蝠是先发展出飞行能力后才演化出回声定位的能力[3]

然而于2010年,对芬尼氏爪蝠化石骨架结构的重新检视,发现牠们仍然可能有能力透过部发声进行回声定位[4]。不过由于化石有受到挤压变形,因此研究者也指出他们其实无法完全肯定芬尼氏爪蝠的喉部构造,这代表着爪蝠是否能进行回声定位仍有变数[5]

由于化石并为保存完整的眼窝,因此目前仍不清楚爪蝠是否具有和其他夜行性动物一样的大眼睛[1]。缺乏大眼睛代表爪蝠可能为昼行性,不需要仰赖回声定位来探索环境及寻找猎物。

爪蝠与伊神蝠的生存年代相近,这此之前伊神蝠被认为是唯一已知最早的蝙蝠物种[6]

大众文化

沙盒动作冒险游戏方舟:生存进化》中,出现了属于爪蝠属的虚构物种,具有远大于真实化石纪录的体型。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nancy B. Simmons; Kevin L. Seymour; Jorg Habersetzer; Gregg F. Gunnell. Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation. Nature. 2008, 451 (7180): 818–21. PMID 18270539. doi:10.1038/nature06549. hdl:2027.42/62816. 
  2. ^ Chang, Kenneth. Primitive Bats Took to the Wing, but They Didn't Have That Ping. New York Times. February 14, 2008 [2009-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-08). 
  3. ^ Moskowitz, Clara. Early Bats Flew Without Navigation. LiveScience. February 22, 2008 [2009-06-11]. 
  4. ^ Nina Veselka; David D. McErlain; David W. Holdsworth; Judith L. Eger; Rethy K. Chhem; Matthew J. Mason; Kirsty L. Brain; Paul A. Faure; M. Brock Fenton. A bony connection signals laryngeal echolocation in bats. Nature (Nature Publishing Group). 2010, 463 (7283): 939–942. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20098413. doi:10.1038/nature08737. 
  5. ^ Cristen Conger. Researchers battle over bats' ability to 'see'. Discovery News. May 14, 2010 [May 17, 2011]. 
  6. ^ Editors Summary. Flight First. Nature. 14 February 2008, 451 (7180) [2020-05-06]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-10). 
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爪蝠属
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