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焦耳效应

焦耳效应焦耳定律是英国物理学家詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳发现或表征的几种不同物理效应中的任何一种。 这些物理效应是不一样的,但在文献中经常或偶尔将它们称为“焦耳效应”或“焦耳定律”。这些物理效应包括:

  • 焦耳第一定律(焦耳加热),一种物理定律,表示产生的热量和流过导体的电流之间的关系。
  • 焦耳第二定律指出,理想气体的内能与其体积和压力无关,仅取决于其温度。
  • 磁致伸缩,铁磁材料的一种特性,当它受到磁场作用时,它们会改变它们的形状。
  • 焦耳-汤姆逊效应焦耳膨胀期间英语Joule expansion),气体的温度变化(通常是冷却),允许其自由膨胀。
  • Gough-Joule效应英语Gough–Joule effect或Gow-Joule效应,这是弹性体在受到拉伸时受热而收缩的趋势。

焦耳第一定律

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1840年至1843年间,焦耳仔细研究了电流产生的热量。 从这项研究中,他发展了焦耳的加热定律,是其中的第一个被通常称为焦耳效应。焦耳的第一定律表达了导体产生的热量与电流,电阻和时间之间的关系。 [1]

磁致伸缩

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磁致伸缩效应描述了铁磁材料的性质,这使得它们在受到磁场作用时改变它们的形状。焦耳首先发表了1842年观察铁磁体长度的变化。 [2]

焦耳扩张

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1845年,焦耳研究了将气体自由膨胀到更大的体积。这就是所谓的焦耳扩张英语Joule expansion[3] 通过使气体自由膨胀来冷却气体有时被称为焦耳效应[4]

Gough-Joule效应

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如果松紧带首先被拉伸然后受热,则它会收缩而不是膨胀。 这种效应首先由John Gough英语John Gough在1802年观察到,并且在19世纪50年代被Joule进一步研究,当时它被称为Gough-Joule效应英语Gough–Joule effect[5][6]
文献中的例子:

  • 大众科学杂志,1972年1月:“拉伸的橡胶片在受热时收缩,这样可以显着增加拉力。橡胶的这种令人惊讶的特性在大约100年前由James Prescott Joule首先观察到,并被称为焦耳效应。”[7]
  • Rubber as an Engineering Material (book),作者:Khairi Nagdi:“焦耳效应是一个必须由机器设计师考虑的实际重要现象,证明这种效果的最简单方法是将橡胶带上的重量悬挂到足以拉长至少50%,当红外灯加热橡皮筋时,由于热膨胀而不会伸长,这是可以预料的,但它会缩回并提升重量。”[8]

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Crew, Henry. General physics: an elementary text-book FOR colleges, 2nd Edition. The University of Michigan: The Macmillan Company. 1910: 402–404. 
  2. ^ Joule, J.P. On the Effects of Magnetism upon the Dimensions of Iron and Steel Bars. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science (Taylor & Francis). 1847,. 30, Third Series: 76–87, 225–241 [2009-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-10).  Joule observed in this paper that he first reported the measurements in a "Conversazione" in Manchester, England, in (Sturgeon's) Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry 8, 219-224 (1842)
  3. ^ Longair, M. S. Theoretical concepts in physics: an alternative view of theoretical reasoning in physics, 2nd Ed.. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 217. ISBN 978-0-521-52878-8. 
  4. ^ Thermodynamics of cooling (PDF). The University of Sydney. 2005 [2009-07-22]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-11). 
  5. ^ John Gough and his Observation of Rubber Thermodynamics. Yale University. 1998-10-06 [2009-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-07). 
  6. ^ Loadman, John. Tears of the Tree: The Story of Rubber -- A Modern Marvel. Oxford University Press. 2005: 165. ISBN 978-0-19-856840-7. 
  7. ^ Kouhoupt, Rudy. Heat Runs. Popular Science. January 1972 [2009-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-19). 
  8. ^ Nagdi, Khairi. Rubber as an Engineering Material. Hanser Verlag. 1992: 33–34. ISBN 978-3-446-16282-2. 
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焦耳效应
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