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清遗

清遗,即满清遗老,亦称满遗,指中华民国建立后依然效忠大清国的“遗民”,当中包括谋求清朝复辟的支持者。

定义

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胡平生认为清遗的成分可分为满蒙人组成的“宗社党”和汉人组成的“遗老”,亦指出“所谓逊清遗老,绝大多数是汉人,仅有极少数的汉军旗人。民国初年,他们都深抱亡国之痛,散居于全国各地,……悲愤的程度不下于丧失‘祖业’的满洲人。眷怀系念,无以复加。”[1]

1922年胡先骕指出“清遗”有两种定义。一种为知道中国要立足于世界,必先改革学术政法,但视推翻清室为叛乱之举者,如沈曾植陈三立郑孝胥赵熙等人;另一种则有志维新,顺应清朝灭亡的历史事实,但心中依然忠于清朝,视清朝为故国者。而清遗的根本前提是对逊清小朝廷仍旧怀抱忠诚之态度,仅认定对爱新觉罗氏一家一姓之效忠,抗拒效忠“多数众民”或代表“多数众民”的总统[2]

历史

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辛亥革命之后,身为中华民国临时大总统孙中山颁布《令内务部晓示人民一律剪辫文》,通令全国剪辫,规定二十日内不剪辫者视作违法[3]。一些人出于多年来的习惯不愿剪辫,但有些是因为怀念清朝统治,不愿意剪掉辫子,以示效忠清室,并谋求复辟,如后来企图复辟的张勋就一直留着辫子,亦有认为辫子为“传统”、“国粹”而不剪辫,有些因怕受罚而剪掉辫子的人更哀号痛哭[4]

参考资料

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  1. ^ 胡平生《民国初期的复辟派》页53—54:“所谓逊清遗老,绝大多数是汉人,仅有极少数的汉军旗人。民国初年,他们都深抱亡国之痛,散居于全国各地,……悲愤的程度不下于丧失“祖业”的满洲人。眷怀系念,无以复加。”
  2. ^ 《民國乃敵國也——清遺民與中國近代政治文化的轉變》 (PDF). [2014-04-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-04-26). 
  3. ^ 《令内务部晓示人民一律剪辫文》:“凡未去辫者,于令到之日限二十日,一律剪除净尽,有不遵者以违法论。”
  4. ^ 1911年满清王朝被推翻南昌掀起剪辫运动. 江西晨报网. 2013-08-01. (原始内容存档于2014-04-26). 
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清遗
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