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萃取

使用索氏提取器萃取水果的化学物质

萃取是利用系统中组分在溶剂中有不同的溶解度来分离混合物的单元操作。 按参与萃取的组分状态,萃取可分为两种方式:

  • 液-液萃取,用选定的溶剂分离液体混合物中某种成分,溶剂必须与被萃取的混合物液体不相溶,具有选择性的溶解能力,而且热稳定性和化学稳定性要好,并且毒性和腐蚀性要小。如用分离煤焦油中的;用有机溶剂分离石油馏分中的烯烃等。
  • 固-液萃取,也叫浸取,用溶剂分离固体混合物中的成分,如用水浸取甜菜中的糖类;用酒精浸取黄豆中的豆油以提高油产量;用水从中药中浸取有效成分以制取流浸膏叫“渗沥”或“浸沥”。

新型萃取技术:

虽然萃取经常被用在化学实验中,但它的操作过程并不造成被萃取物质化学成分的改变(或说化学反应),仅仅是将被萃取物与萃取成分分离而已,所以萃取操作只是一个物理过程。

选择性系数

选择性系数用于表示萃取的效果,用表示,为组分的分配系数之比。越大,萃取的效果越好。溶剂的选择性系数可以通过下式定量计算:[1]

工业萃取设备

单一状态离心分离器

按两相接触方式的不同,可将萃取设备分为逐级接触式和微分接触式两种,如筛板塔是逐级接触式设备,它在工业上得到了相当广泛的应用;转盘萃取塔、填料萃取塔、脉冲萃取塔等属于微分接触式设备。

离心萃取设备有逐级接触离心机和连续接触离心机两种,它只适合于停留时间短且处理量不大的生产中,在大规模的化工生产中应用较少。

食品工业中的萃取设备

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ 陈敏恒, 丛德滋, 方图南 等.《化工原理(下册)(第四版)》. 化学工业出版社. pp 153
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萃取
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