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水委一

水委一
Achernar

水委一的位置
观测资料
历元 J2000
星座 波江座
星官 近南极星区 水委
赤经 01h 37m 42.84548s[1]
赤纬 –57° 14′ 12.3101″[1]
视星等(V) 0.445[2]
特性
光谱分类B6 Vep[3]
U−B 色指数−0.64[2]
B−V 色指数−0.17[2]
变星类型天龙座BY
天体测定
径向速度 (Rv)+16[4] km/s
自行 (μ) 赤经:87.00 ± 0.58[1] mas/yr
赤纬:−38.24 ± 0.50[1] mas/yr
视差 (π)23.39 ± 0.57[1] mas
距离139 ± 3 ly
(43 ± 1 pc)
详细资料
质量6–8[5] M
半径7.3 × 11.4[6] R
表面重力 (log g)3.5[7]
亮度3,150[6] L
温度~15,000[7] K
自转速度 (v sin i)250[7] km/s
年龄1–5 × 108[来源请求]
其他命名
α Eri, HR 472, CD -57°334, HD 10144, SAO 232481, FK5 54, HIP 7588,[8] 水委一.

水委一英语Achernar)也称为波江座α星,是波江座最明亮的恒星,也是全天空第九亮恒星,距离地球约139光年 [1],位于波江座的南端。在全天空最明亮的九颗恒星中(天狼老人大角南门二织女五车二参宿七南河三与水委一),水委一是最炙热,颜色也是最蓝的一颗。

特征

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水委一是一颗明亮的蓝色恒星,质量约为6到8倍太阳质量 [5],被天文学家分类为主序星恒星光谱属于B6型,亮度为太阳的3,150倍,绝对星等为-2.78等。水委一的位置偏南,所以对于北半球许多人口稠密的地区而言,水委一永远位于地平线之下(北纬33度以北的地区无法观测,大约与美国达拉斯日本鹿儿岛的位置相当)。因此南半球比北半球更适合观测水委一,尤其是在11月份。水委一在南纬33度以南的地区成为拱极星。因为岁差现象,水委一在公元前3000年时曾经是南极星

水委一在高速自转下呈现扁球体

直到2000年3月为止,北落师门与水委一是天球中角距离最远的两颗一等星。而天蝎座心宿二则是最孤独的一等星,但是心宿二附近有许多明亮的二等星,相较之下北落师门与水委一附近的夜空则较为黯淡。

天文学家使用欧洲南方天文台甚大望远镜观测水委一后,发现水委一拥有一颗伴星。这颗伴星为一颗A型星,恒星光谱介于A0V与A3V之间,质量可能是太阳的两倍。水委一与伴星之间距离约为12.3天文单位,公转周期至少是14至15年[9]

直到2003年时,水委一是银河中天文学家已知最扁的球状天体[10]。因为水委一的自转非常快速,秒速约为250公里,所以形状为扁球体,赤道直径(太阳的11.4倍)比两极直径(太阳的7.3倍)要长56%。从地球的角度来看,水委一的自转轴倾斜65度[6]。因为水委一的形状如此特殊,所以可能会对伴星的公转轨道产生影响,变成更加类似椭圆形,这种情况类似狮子座轩辕十四

因为水委一的形状呈扁球体,所以表面温度随着纬度而产生剧烈变化,极区的温度可能超过20,000,而赤道地区则可能不到10,000,平均温度为15,000。天文学家经由干涉仪测量到水委一的自转扭曲,发现水委一抛射出的物质在恒星周围形成气体环[7],所以水委一确实是一颗Be星 [11]

名称

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水委一在阿拉伯语中被称为 آخر النهر,意为“河流的终点”。水委一在中国天文学中属于水委星官,这个星官还包括水委二水委三这两颗恒星。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 van Leeuwen, F., Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction, Astronomy and Astrophysics, November 2007, 474 (2): 653–664, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cousins, A. W. J., UBV Photometry of Some Very Bright Stars, Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society, Southern Africa, 1972, 31: 69, Bibcode:1972MNSSA..31...69C 
  3. ^ Nazé, Y., Hot stars observed by XMM-Newton. I. The catalog and the properties of OB stars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, November 2009, 506 (2): 1055–1064, Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1055N, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912659 
  4. ^ Evans, D. S. The Revision of the General Catalogue of Radial Velocities. Batten, Alan Henry; Heard, John Frederick (编). Determination of Radial Velocities and their Applications, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 30. University of Toronto: International Astronomical Union. June 20–24, 1966 [2009-09-10]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-26). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Kaler, James B., ACHERNAR (Alpha Eridani), Stars (University of Illinois), [2011-12-20], (原始内容存档于2011-12-17) 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Carciofi, A. C.; et al, On the Determination of the Rotational Oblateness of Achernar, The Astrophysical Journal, March 2008, 676 (1): L41–L44, Bibcode:2008ApJ...676L..41C, doi:10.1086/586895 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Kervella, P.; et al, The environment of the fast rotating star Achernar. II. Thermal infrared interferometry with VLTI/MIDI, Astronomy and Astrophysics, January 2009, 493 (3): L53–L56, Bibcode:2009A&A...493L..53K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810980 
  8. ^ Achernar -- Be Star, SIMBAD (Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg), [2010-02-16], (原始内容存档于2019-08-06) 
  9. ^ Kervella, P.; Domiciano de Souza, A.; Bendjoya, Ph., The close-in companion of the fast rotating Be star Achernar, Astronomy and Astrophysics, June 2008, 484 (1): L13–L16, Bibcode:2008A&A...484L..13K, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809765 
  10. ^ See “Achernar the Flattest star” in ‘Sky & Telescope’ P. 20 ‘Newsnotes’, September 2003.
  11. ^ Carciofi, A. C.; et al, Achernar: Rapid Polarization Variability as Evidence of Photospheric and Circumstellar Activity, The Astrophysical Journal, December 2007, 671 (1): L49–L52, Bibcode:2007ApJ...671L..49C, doi:10.1086/524772 


外部链接

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水委一
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