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沼泽

佛罗里达州的沼泽

沼泽是土壤经常为水饱和,地表长期或暂时积水,生长湿生和沼生植物,有泥炭累积或虽无泥炭累积但有潜育层存在的地段。沼泽是湿地次级分类单位,但有其独特的特征。

沼泽须具有三个相互制约的特征:

  1. 地表要有薄层积水或经常过湿;
  2. 土层有[泥炭]的形成;
  3. 地表上要生长湿生植物或沼泽植物。

沼泽处于植物生态演替过程中间,是从水体向陆地进化的中间阶段,当温度合适,植物大量生长,但分解速度不快时就促使沼泽发育,植物遗骸不断堆积,形成泥炭,最终沼泽退化,变成草原[1]

类型

根据泥炭是否形成可分为:

  • 潜育沼泽
  • 泥炭沼泽

根据沼泽发育阶段可分为:

低位沼泽或富营养沼泽
地表水和地下水供给充分,泥炭灰分含量超过18%,植物需要的养分充分,莎草科植物占优势。
高位沼泽或贫营养沼泽
泥炭层发育隆起,地下水无法供给,只依靠降水,植物需要的营养贫乏,泥炭灰分含量低于4%,以泥炭藓等贫营养植物为主.
中位沼泽或中营养沼泽
介于两者之间,根据植被类型,沼泽可分为:
  • 藓类沼泽
  • 草本沼泽
  • 木本沼泽

英文名称

在英文中,mire、bog、fen、muskeg、marsh、swamp、pocosin、everglade 都可以指“沼泽”,但各有侧重。mire指泥炭沼泽或深泥沼[2],bog指酸性泥炭沼泽酸沼,fen指矿质泥炭沼泽泥沼,muskeg指苔沼,marsh指草本沼泽即草泽,swamp指木本沼泽即林泽,pocosin指浅滩沼泽地灌木泽,everglade指丘陵沼泽[3]

生态

泥炭能保持大量的水分,常含有89%~94%的水。世界沼泽水储量约11470立方公里,占世界淡水储量少之又少。

当某种原因引起沼泽地下水位上升,沼泽水扩大,可向湖泊发育;当地下水位下降时,沼泽水可转化为地下水,沼泽变干可向草甸和森林演化。

沼泽土壤含有大量有机物残体,在多水嫌气环境中不易分解。无泥炭的沼泽土含量为10~20%。

沼生植物丛生,是水生、陆生植物间的过渡植物,通气组织较发达、根系浅,多以不定根方式繁殖,一些以芽蘖方式密丛生长。高位沼泽植物具旱生形态,像革质叶具有深陷的气孔、绒毛等。

图片

参考资料

  • 中国大百科全书·地理学. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社. 1990. ISBN 9787500059745. 
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沼泽
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