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水电解

水电解图

水电解是指以电流通过以制造氢气氧气。此电解的最低电压限制为1.23伏特[1]

这个工序可制作氢燃料和医疗氧气,但由于成本问题,大部分人均以天然气制作氢气,并从空气中提取氧气

历史

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世界上第一部电解水机

1789年,荷兰发明家首次成功以莱顿瓶盛水发电。[2] 1800年,亚历山德罗·伏打研发伏打电堆。仅仅数星期后,威廉·聂歌逊和安东尼·卡莱尔便以此成功进行水电解。齐纳布·格拉姆在1869年发明了格拉姆机后,水电解成为一个低成本的氢气生产方法。1888年,水电解在工业中被采用。[3]

原理

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将两个以不锈钢等金属制造的惰性电极接到直流电上,放到水中。[4]

氢气会从阴极冒出,而氧气则会从阳极冒出。理论上若果没有任何其他化学反应,氢气量应是氧气量的2倍。 然而,实际上由于中有杂质,其他杂质亦会被电解,因此将会有副产品,所产生的氢气或氧气亦较理论上少。[5]

纯水电解则需要更多能量。纯水因为缺乏离子导电性能极差,只有海水约百万分之一。大部分电解器材亦没有任何电解催化剂,只能依靠电解质以增加导电性能。

现时因为水电解所有产品均可以更低成本得到,水电解在工业上已无意义。

化学式

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完整化学式

阴极还原反应︰ 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- → H2[6]

阳极氧化反应︰ 4 OH- → 2 H2O + O2 + 4e-[6]

由上列化学式可见,分子的数量是分子的2倍,若温度气压等一样,体积亦为其2倍。

参考

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  1. ^ Spark Notes[失效链接]
  2. ^ Levie, R. de. The electrolysis of water. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. October 1999, 476 (1): 92–93 [30 December 2009]. doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00365-4. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07). 
  3. ^ Lachinov Dmitry Aleksandrovich 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期26 July 2011. at Great Cyrill and Methodius Encyclopedia (俄文)
  4. ^ Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A. Chemistry. Ninth edition. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. 2014. ISBN 978-1-133-61109-7.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  5. ^ Electrolysis of Water - Energy Foundations for High School Chemistry. highschoolenergy.acs.org. [2017-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-27). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis - Department of Energy. energy.gov. [2017-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-30). 
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水电解
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