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氧化数.
氧化数(英文:Oxidation number)用来表示化合物中,所有配体及电子对都被去掉后,中心原子所带的电荷数。[1]氧化数这个概念被用于无机化学命名法中。标明氧化数使用罗马数字,并且省略正氧化数的正号。书写时既可以将氧化数写成上标标在元素符号后面,如 FeIII,也可将氧化数写在括号内标在元素名称后面,如铁(III),元素名称与括号之间不留空格。
氧化数通常在数值上等于氧化态。但在有些情况下,配体不如中心原子电负性强(如铱膦配合物),因此氧化数与氧化态不相等。
将键结电子分配给电负度较大的元素时,原子所得失的电子数,若得到电子,则氧化数为负;若失去电子,氧化数为正
- 元素态的物质,氧化数为零。 Ex: Na(0)、Cl2(0)
- 单原子离子的氧化数为其所带的电荷数。 Ex: Fe3+(+3)、Zn2+(+2)
- 化合物中,F恒为-1,1A恒为+1,2A恒为+2。 Ex: NaCl(Na为+1)、HF(F为-1)
- 氢的氧化数:
非金属氢化物,氢为+1。 Ex:H2O(H为+1)、CH4(H为+1)
金属氢化物,氢为-1。 Ex: NaH(H为-1)、LiH(H为-1)
- 氧的氧化数:
一般氧化物,氧为-2 。Ex: CO2(O为-2)、H2O(O为-2)
过氧化物,氧为-1。 Ex: H2O2(O为-1)、Na2O2(O为-1)
超氧化物,氧为-1/2。 Ex: KO2(O为-1/2)、CsO2(O为-1/2)
- 化合物中,各元素的氧化数总和为0。 Ex: H2SO4(S为+6)
- 多原子离子中,各元素的氧化数总和等于离子的电荷值。 Ex: MnO4-(Mn为+7)
- ^ IUPAC. "oxidation number". Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Internet edition.
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