For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for 饮水加氟.

饮水加氟

饮水加氟是向公共供水中投入一定浓度的氟化物作为预防龋齿的一种措施。龋齿其原因是氟离子可以与牙釉质羟磷灰石进行作用,产生更为难溶、抗酸能力更强的氟磷灰石,从而平衡牙齿硬组织的脱矿化过程,增加牙齿的抗龋能力。[1]然而,饮水加氟导致松果体钙化而受到极大争议[来源请求]

一般投入供水中的氟化物是氟硅酸氟硅酸钠氟化钠三种化合物之一,这是由其相应的价格、安全性和溶解度所决定的。氟硅酸是从萤石生产磷肥时的副产品,通常是以其23–25%水溶液的形式出售,价格十分便宜。[2]

氟的抗龋功能是在20世纪初,科学家在研究某些居民因饮用含氟较高的天然水质而使龋齿发生几率降低、牙釉质呈棕褐色时发现的。[3]1931年美国学者迪恩(H. T. Dean)在调查美国数千名男女儿童的饮水含氟量、龋病和氟牙症之间关系后,提出饮水含氟量与氟牙症患病率呈正相关,而与龋病患病率呈负相关。而且饮用含氟量高水者并非人人都患氟牙症,故说明在饮水加氟防龋与患上氟牙症之间还有一个可选择的余地。[4]1939年,美国牙科医生科克斯(Cox)提出模拟适氟区饮水含氟量对低氟区饮水人工加氟防龋的设想。1945年,迪恩首先在美国密歇根州大急流城的城市饮水中投入氟化物作为对照试验、以验证他的假设;1950年,迪恩发表对照试验结果,指出饮水加氟确实可以显著降低患龋齿的可能性。[5]因此,1951年美国公共卫生署开始准许向饮水中加氟。此后世界上不少国家和地区也相继采用饮水加氟的措施对缺氟地区进行氟的强化。据估计目前全世界有超过3.5亿人饮用加氟水,其中几乎一半是在美国,[6]有超过1.7亿人,占到美国总人口的61.5%。[7]1994年世界卫生组织专家委员会推荐的饮水中氟含量为0.5–1.0mg/L,[8]但这个数值根据人种、地域、气候和饮食生活习惯的不同而有差异。

饮用水加氟防龋被美国疾病预防控制中心列为20世纪十大公共卫生成就之一,[9]并获得世界卫生组织[10][11]和其他一些全球和地区性[12][13]健康和牙科组织的肯定。支持者认为这是有效地减少龋齿的发病率、和最经济的预防龋齿的措施。[14][15]但对于饮水加氟在学术界仍然有不少反对意见,反对者主要认为过量氟会引起氟牙症氟骨症,具有氟中毒的潜在危险。[14]这种反对意见在欧洲国家尤其强烈,很多欧洲城市因为居民的反对而选择不在饮水中加氟。2003年的一项研究显示包括法国、德国和英国在内的16个欧洲国家中,绝大多数受调查者对于饮水加氟持反对意见;[16]但相反的是,2009年在澳洲的研究,则显示有70%受调查者是支持加氟、15%反对,而且反对者更倾向于以“未知健康影响”作为他们对饮水加氟的反对原因[17]。2013年4月2日,根据一家专门分析政治动向的美国机构 — 公共政策民调基金会所做的调查显示,有9%的美国民众投票认为,政府因为某种阴险的原因(而不仅仅是牙齿健康)而为民众的饮水加氟[18]

参见

[编辑]
  • 牙膏加氟
  • 食盐加氟

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Featherstone JD. Dental caries: a dynamic disease process. Aust Dent J. 2008, 53 (3): 286–91. PMID 18782377. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00064.x. 
  2. ^ Reeves A, Chiappelli F, Cajulis OS. Evidence-based recommendations for the use of sealants (PDF). J Calif Dent Assoc. 2006, 34 (7): 540–6. PMID 16995612. [永久失效链接]
  3. ^ Colorado brown stain:
  4. ^ Lennon MA. One in a million: the first community trial of water fluoridation. Bull World Health Organ. 2006, 84 (9): 759–60 [2009-10-15]. PMID 17128347. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862006000900020 (不活跃 2009-09-13). (原始内容存档于2019-06-18). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ Dean HT, Arnold FA, Jay P, Knutson JW. Studies on mass control of dental caries through fluoridation of the public water supply. Public Health Rep. 1950, 65 (43): 1403–8. PMC 1997106可免费查阅. PMID 14781280. 
  6. ^ Sellers C. The artificial nature of fluoridated water: between nations, knowledge, and material flows. Osiris. 2004, 19: 182–200. PMID 15478274. 
  7. ^ Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Water fluoridation statistics for 2006. 2008-09-17 [2008-12-22]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-26). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  8. ^ WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use. Fluorides and oral health (PDF). WHO technical report series 846. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1994 [2009-03-06]. ISBN 92-4-120846-5. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-02-17). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  9. ^ CDC. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1900–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999, 48 (12): 241–3 [2009-10-15]. PMID 10220250. (原始内容存档于2011-07-11). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Reprinted页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in: JAMA. 1999, 281 (16): 1481. PMID 10227303. doi:10.1001/jama.281.16.1481.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  10. ^ Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach (PDF). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004, 32 (5): 319–21 [2008-12-17]. PMID 15341615. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00175.x. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-12). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  11. ^ Petersen PE. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health—World Health Assembly 2007. Int Dent J. 2008, 58 (3): 115–21. PMID 18630105. doi:10.1922/IDJ_1930Petersen07 (不活跃 2009-09-13). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-11-13). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  12. ^ American Public Health Association. Community water fluoridation in the United States. 2008 [2009-03-09]. (原始内容存档于2011-03-12). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  13. ^ European Academy Of Paediatric Dentistry. Guidelines on the use of fluoride in children: an EAPD policy document (PDF). Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009, 10 (3): 129–35. PMID 19772841. [永久失效链接]
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation (PDF). 2007 [2009-10-13]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-10-14). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆ISBN 1-86496-415-4. Summary: Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid Based Dent. 2008, 9 (2): 39–43. PMID 18584000. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578. 简明摘要 (PDF)NHMRC (2007). 
  15. ^ Division of Oral Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999, 48 (41): 933–40 [2009-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-11). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Contains H. Trendley Dean, D.D.S.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Reprinted页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in: JAMA. 2000, 283 (10): 1283–6. PMID 10714718. doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1283.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  16. ^ Griffin M, Shickle D, Moran N. European citizens' opinions on water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008, 36 (2): 95–102. PMID 18333872. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00373.x. 
  17. ^ Armfield JM, Akers HF. Risk perception and water fluoridation support and opposition in Australia. J Public Health Dent. 2009. PMID 19694932. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.2009.00144.x. 
  18. ^ Conspiracy Theory Poll Results. 公共政策民调基金会. 2013-04-02 [2017-04-03]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-30) (英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
饮水加氟
Listen to this article

This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:

This article was just edited, click to reload
This article has been deleted on Wikipedia (Why?)

Back to homepage

Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}

Install Wikiwand

Install on Chrome Install on Firefox
Don't forget to rate us

Tell your friends about Wikiwand!

Gmail Facebook Twitter Link

Enjoying Wikiwand?

Tell your friends and spread the love:
Share on Gmail Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Buffer

Our magic isn't perfect

You can help our automatic cover photo selection by reporting an unsuitable photo.

This photo is visually disturbing This photo is not a good choice

Thank you for helping!


Your input will affect cover photo selection, along with input from other users.

X

Get ready for Wikiwand 2.0 🎉! the new version arrives on September 1st! Don't want to wait?