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私掠

不列颠东印度公司所属之肯特号(英语名:Kent,左)在 1800 年 10 月与法国籍私掠者罗伯特·苏库夫(Robert Surcouf)指挥的私掠船 Confiance号作战。安布罗斯·路易斯·加内雷(Ambroise Louis Garneray)绘于约1850年。

私掠者(英语:privateer)是指根据战争委托从事海战的私人或船只。[1] 由于武装抢劫是海上贸易的一个常见部分,直到19世纪初,所有商船都携带武器。在战时,一个主权者或授权机构颁发委托合约,也称为私掠许可证。该许可证授权持有人透过战争手段在海上采取所有形式的敌对行为,这包括攻击外国船只并将之占为己有(以作奖赏),以及将俘获船员作为囚犯交换。根据海事法中有关规定,被捕获的船只将被没收和出售,收益按私掠者的赞助商、船东、船长和船员之间的百分比划分。委托合约的发行人(即主权国家)通常会获得一定比例的份额。

私掠允许主权者透过动员私有武装船只和水手来补充国家权力来筹集战争收入。对于参与者而言,私掠提供了比作为商船海员或渔民获得更大收入和利润的潜力。然而,这种激励增加了私人在战争结束后转向海盗的风险。

该类委托合约通常保护私掠者避免被指控为海盗,但实际上私掠者的历史合法性和地位可能含糊不清。根据具体的主权和时间段,委托合约可能会匆忙发出;私掠者可能会采取超出委托合约授权范围的行动,包括在委托合约到期后采取行动。在委托合约到期或和平条约签署后继续袭击的私掠船可能面临海盗指控。海盗的风险和中央集权军事控制的现代国家体系的出现导致了 19 世纪末私掠活动的衰落。

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Thomson, Janice E. Mercenaries, pirates and sovereigns需要免费注册. New Jersey, United States: Princeton University Press. 1994: 310/3153. ISBN 9780691086583. 
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私掠
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