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正反馈

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正反馈系统的工作方式
化学或核反应的正反馈会导致爆炸

正反馈(英语:positive feedback),是反馈的一种。是指一系统的输出影响到输入,使得输出变动后会影响到输入,造成输出变动持续加大的情形;同理,如果输出变动持续减少、负面效应加大,就称为负反馈

简单来说,当A产生了更多的B,B会回过来产生更多的A,这个过程就称为正反馈。在机械、电机、电子、化学、生理、经济或是其他系统都会有类似的情形。

举例

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社会

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马太效应就是社会上常见的正反馈现象,例如收入分配不合理可能导致“富者愈富,贫者愈贫”。

全球变暖

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有专家指出,若全球变暖不能得到有效控制,可能触发碳循环反馈,即全球变暖导致固定的(植被、可燃冰等形式)以二氧化碳的形式排出,造成更严重的昇温。[1]

目前商用轻水反应堆是靠着安全装置采非正反馈系统,当安全装置大规模失灵时,核反应会无法控制,而发生灾难(如福岛核灾)。核聚变发电是负反馈系统,但离商转还很远。

避免

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正反馈会造成系统振荡,因此大多数的系统会加入阻尼或是负反馈,避免系统因振荡造成不稳定甚至损坏。

参考文献

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  1. ^ 马克·林纳斯. 《改變世界的6℃》. ISBN 9789862411049 (中文(台湾)). 

延伸阅读

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  • Norbert Wiener (1948), Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Paris, Hermann et Cie - MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
  • Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman. Rules of Play. MIT Press. 2004. ISBN 0-262-24045-9. Chapter 18: Games as Cybernetic Systems.

外部链接

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参见

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正反馈
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