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止韵

涅槃点
附加符号

重音符号

尖音符 / 锐音符ˊ
双锐音符˝
重音符 / 钝音符 / 抑音符ˋ
双重音符英语Double grave accent̏

短音符˘
抑扬符 / 倒折音符 / háčekˇ
软音符¸
扬抑符 / 折音符ˆ
曲音符分音符¨
·

空点(随韵, ˙
仰月点(随鼻,  ँ   ঁ   ઁ   ଁ ఁ '
努克塔点英语nuqta(波斯音,  ̣
怛达点画(半音,  ྄   ်   ฺ   ์

上钩符 ̉
触角 ̛
长音符ˉ
反尾形符˛
上圆圈˚
粗气符 ῾
柔气符英语Smooth breathing ᾿

有时用作变音符号的标记

引号
删节线|
冒号:
逗号,
连字号˗
波浪号 / 颚化符˜
titlo英语titlo ҃

止声[1]止韵[2]去声[3]来自于梵语惟萨尔葛visarga,或又称毘洒尔者尼耶visarjanīya,意为“发出,泻出”。在梵语音韵学(śikṣā)中,是一个音素 [h]的名字,写为IAST <>。毘洒尔者尼耶是吠陀梵语词末的/r//s/在经典梵语中演变产生的变音,类似上古汉语/-s/演变为/-h/后逐渐发展为汉语去声的过程。由于/-s/是常见的吠陀梵语后缀(主格单数,第二人称单数等),止韵经常出现在经典梵语文本中。在梵语音素的传统次序中,止韵和随韵独立于元音和辅音之外。

悉昙文兰札文婆罗米系文字中,使用涅槃点表示毘洒勒沙尼。

止韵在吠陀文本中的精确发音依据 shakha 而变化。有些发音要在擦音之后轻微的回显一下前面的元音,比如 aḥ 要被发音为 [ɐhɐ],而 iḥ 要被发音为 [ihi]

外部链接

[编辑]
  1. ^ 吕澂《声明略》:“考南本《涅槃》〈文字品〉自短阿至炮,先于十四音列举其十;次菴、痾列二界畔字(亦曰随韵及止声)”
  2. ^ Peter Lunde Johnson. On Realizing There is Only the Virtual Nature of Consciousness. p.99
  3. ^ 文廷式纯常子枝语
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