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钦差大臣

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汉语名称
繁体字 欽差大臣
简化字 钦差大臣
越南语名称
国语字 Khâm sai đại thần
汉喃 欽差大臣
满语名称
满文 ᡥᡝᠰᡝ ᡳ
ᠲᠠᡣᡡᠷᠠᡥᠠ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ
穆麟德转写hese i takūraha amban

钦差,意为旧时官场由天子任命的一种临时性“差遣”,奉派出外办理要事的官员。如《西游记》:“老爷是上国钦差,小和尚有失迎接”。存在于北周明清时代,代天子“巡行天下,抚军按民”或查察弊端,明代地方以都指挥使司、承宣布政使司、按察使司等三司治理地方,三司偶有互相掣肘遇事难决之时,朝廷即派官员调解处理,如洪武二十四年明太祖派遣皇太子朱标巡抚陕西,在永乐十九年,成祖命侍郎郭敦,给事中陶珩巡抚顺天府。钦差多以宪臣职事官巡抚地方,或以兵部堂官总督地方军务,或以公侯勋臣总其官兵,偶有以刑部职官为主镇抚地方者。以上为明代之钦命差遣。

至清代巡抚则变为定制,不过仍偶有临时性的专事差遣官员。

时,钦差多称钦差大臣。如《清史稿》·那彦成传:“回疆四城既复,命为钦差大臣,往治善后事。”《官场现形记》:“这位钦差大臣,姓温名国因,是由京官翰林放出来的。”

19世纪,俄国讽刺作家果戈理著有讽刺喜剧钦差大臣》。在本剧中,果戈理呐喊的“你们在笑什么,你们在笑你们自己”一句,至今仍警醒这世人。

钦差大臣的职能类似于近现代的“专案调查小组”。

参见

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钦差大臣
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