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乐烧

长次郎制黑乐茶碗
本阿弥光悦制赤乐茶碗

乐烧(日语:楽焼らくやき Rakuyaki)是桃山时代最具代表性的茶碗之一,为乐家初代名匠长次郎(? – 1625)继承千利休(1522 – 1591)于天正年间(1573 – 591)所倡议的茶道理念所烧制。

起源

归化人饴是乐烧的元祖,是初代长次郎的父亲,其妻比丘尼制作的陶器被称为尼烧(乐烧的前身)。长次郎原是瓦师,得到利休知遇转而制作乐茶碗。于是天正十四、五年开始出现称为利休形的茶碗。长次郎的茶碗当时在聚乐第烧制,作品称为“聚乐烧”,之后拜领到“乐”字印,此后称为“乐烧”[1]:143

另一说是长次郎与其父皆为丰臣秀吉(1537 – 1598)府邸陶工,后来秀吉称其助手——乐家二代常庆(? – 1635)之父——所烧之器为“天下第一”,并赐其府邸名——“聚乐”中的乐字为款,铃于底部,自此凡乐烧皆有款印,而长次郎所制茶碗均无款,时人多称“今烧”。大致上,乐烧分为“黑乐”与“赤乐”二类,利休追求庄重肃穆,所以尤其偏爱黑色。

制作方式与特色

乐烧是于规模较小的窑炉中,采单件方式烧制的。制作时先制成陶胎,主要以手捏与篦削成形,然后拿去烧以定型并上,最后再烧多一次。这种制作手法特点在于用手工捏而呈现出的自然的不规则感,而且是一件一件烧的,所以每一个成品都是独一无二又无法模仿的。

另外采低温烧制,成品相对较软,釉表面会出现大量气泡,表现出岩石质感。乐烧不同于其他烧制法,是完全只为了茶烧制的陶器,乐烧茶碗不论是握在手中触感、嘴唇碰到时的契合度,都让人深感它正是为了喝茶而产生的[1]:142。 所以在这层意义上,乐烧是所有陶瓷器中最能够代表日本的。而当时的茶以宇治抹茶为主,茶呈绿色,利休觉得这种颜色与黑色的茶碗非常相配,颇能表达出一种清境忧思的禅意。

参考来源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 满冈忠成. 茶器と茶室. 日本: 学习研究社. 1978: 142–143. ISBN 4050029324 (日语). 
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乐烧
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