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极化性

物理学里,感受到外电场的作用,中性原子分子会改变其正常电子云形状,衡量这改变的物理量称为极化性polarizability)。以方程表达,

其中,是由于电子云形状的改变而产生的电偶极矩是极化性,是外电场。

极化性的国际单位为:(库仑·米2·伏特−1)。而伏特单位可以表达为(请注意,方括弧内的符号代表单位,不代表物理量

其中,电常数

所以,/()的单位是,称此常数为体积极化性。例如,氢气的体积极化性[1] Å3

极化性是个微观量,它和相对电容率的关系式,称为克劳修斯-莫索提方程[1]

其中,是单位体积的原子数目。

前面定义的极化性是个标量,这意味着外电场只能产生与其平行的电偶极矩,也就是说,朝着方向的电场只能造成朝着方向的电偶极矩。但是,对于某些物质,朝着方向的电场,也会造成朝着方向或方向的电偶极矩。这时候,极化性变为二阶张量,必须用3 x 3 矩阵来描述。

参阅

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Griffiths, David J. Introduction to electrodynamics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 1999: 166, 200 [2021-01-30]. ISBN 978-0-13-805326-0. OCLC 40251748. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08) (英语). 
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极化性
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